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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Functions of Muscular System
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Production of Movement
Maintenance of Posture Stabilization of Joints- muscle tendonsa re extremely important to reinformce joints that have poorly fitting articular surfaces. Generation of Heat |
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Irritability
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The ability to receive and respond to stimuli.
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Contractility
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The ability to shorten (forcibly) when an adequate stimulus is received.
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Muscle Fibers
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Soft and surprisingly fragile, bundled together to provide strength and supportto the muscle as a whole; surrounded by endomysium
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Fascicle
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Bundle of fibers; surrounded by perimysium
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Epimysium
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Tough "overcoat'of connective tissue; binds fascicles adn covers and entire muscle
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Perimysium
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Coarse fibrous membrane that surrounds each fascicle
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Endomysium
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Delicate connective tissue sheath that encloses the muscle fiber
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Tendons
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Strong, cordlike; attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages or connective tissue coverings.
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Aponeuroses
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Sheetlike; attach mucles indirectly to bones, cartilages or connective tissue coverings.
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Sarcolemma
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Plasma membrane of a muscle cell
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Nucleus
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Multinucleated
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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Endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell; stores calcium ions.
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Myofibrils
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Long ribbon like organelles; nearly fill the cytoplasm; possess sarcomeres, Z disc, I band, A band, H zone and myofilaments.
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Sacromres
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Compartments of a myofibril
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Z Disc
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Seperates myofibril into compartments
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I band
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Lightened region on either side of Z disk
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A bank (Dark band)
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Darkened region toward the center of sacromere; has striped appearance.
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H Zone
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Lightercentral area of A band
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Myofilaments
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Within sacromeres; produce banding (striped) pattern; may be either thin filaments or thick filaments
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Thin Filaments
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In I band and A band; composed of a low molecular weight protein (actin)
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Thick Filaments
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In A band; composed of a high molecular weigh protein (myosin); midparts are smooth, but their ends are studded with small projections.
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Cross Bridges
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Small projections on thick (myosin) filaments link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction.
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In order for a muscle cell to contract what musgt happen?
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It must be stimulated by a nerve fiber.
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Motor Neuron
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Extends from the spinal cord to the muscle cell
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Axon of Nerve Fiber
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Long threadlike extension of the neuron that extends to the muscle fiber
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Axonal Terminals
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Branches of axons; supply muscle fibers scattered throughout the muscle
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Junction formed by axonal terminal and the muscle fiber
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Synaptic Cleft
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Gap between the axonal terminal and the muscle fiber membrane
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Mitochondria
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Rodlike organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities(contraction)
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Invaginated Sarcolemma
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Highly folded area adjacent to the synaptic cleft that has many acetycholine (ACh) receptors
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Mitochondria
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Rodlike organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities (contraction)
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Synaptic Vesicles
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Store acetylcholine (ACh) which transmits the impulse across the synaptic cleft.
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What happens when the nerve impulse reaches the axonal terminal?
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A neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released
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Acetycholine diffuses across the synaptic clef and does what?
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Attaches to receptors which are part of the sarcolemma/
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A sudden rush of sodium ions gives the cell interior an excess of what?
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Positive Ions, which upsets the electric conditions of the sarcolemma.
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Slight Muscle Response
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Only a few cells are stimulated
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Strong Muscle Response
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All motor units are active and all the muscle cells are being stimulated.
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Creatine Phosphate (CP)
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Interaction between CP and ADP results in transfer of a high engergy phosphate group from CP and ADP, regenerating ATP
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Aerobic Respiration
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At rest and during light exercise, glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water; some engergy iis released as bonds are broken and is captured to form ATP
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Anaerobic Respiration (glycolysis)
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Without oxygen, glucose broken down first to pyruvic acidand then to lactic acid; small amounts of energy are captured in ATP bonds; when oxygen and glucose delivery is inadequate body feels sluggish.
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Lactic Acid
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Accumulation promotes muscle fatigue and muscle soreness
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Muscle Fatigue
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Muscle is unable to contract, even though it is still being stimulated.
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Oxygen Debt
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Not able to take in oxygen fast enough to keep the muscles supplied with all the oxygen needed when working vigourously.
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Isometric
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Muscles do not shorten, "same mesaurement'. But when you push agaist a wall with bent elbows, the wall doesn't move, and the triceps muscels, which cannot shorten to straighten the elbows, are contracting isometrically.
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Isotonic
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Same tone or tension, myofilaments are successsfull in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens and movements occurs.
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Muscle tone
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state of continuous partial contractions; result of different mot units being stimulated by the nervous system in a systematic way.
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Origin
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End of the muscle that is attached to the immovable or less movable bone
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Insertion
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End of the muscle that is attached to the movable bone. Note: when muscle contracts the insertion moves toward the origin
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Flexion
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Generally in sagittal plane; decreases the angle of the joint bringing two bones closer together; typical of hing and ball and sockets joints.
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Extension
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Increases the angle or distance between two bones or body parts; greater than 180 degrees is hyperextension
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Abduction
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Moving limb away (generally on frontal plane) from the midline of the body. EX fanning of the fingers or toes when they are spread apart
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Adduction
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Movement of limb toard the body midline
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Rotation
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Movement of a bone around its logitudinal axis. EX turning the head from left to right.
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Circumduction
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Combination of flexion, extension and adduction, and abduction; proximal end of the limb is stationary while its distal end moves in circle. EX. a ball and socket joint
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Pronation
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Moving the palm of the hand from an anterior position to a posterior position ( moves the distal end of the raidus across the ulna)
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Supination
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Moving the palm from posteior position to anterior position
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Inversion
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Turning the sole of the foot so that it faces medially
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Eversion
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Turning the sole of the foot laterally
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Dorsiflexion
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Standing on your heels
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Plantar Flexion
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Standing on your toes
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Face Muscle
Frontalis |
Covers the frontal bone Raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead
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Face Muscle
Orbicularis Oculi |
Run in cirlces around the eyes
Closes eyes; causes squinting, blinking and winking |
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Face Muscle
Orbicularis Oris |
Circular muscle of the lips
Closes the mouth and prtrudes the lips |
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Face Muscle
Buccinator |
Runs horizontal across the cheeck and inserts into the orbicularis oris
Flattens the cheek; chewing muscle |
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Face Muscle
Massator |
Covers the angle of the lower jaw as it runs from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the mandible
Closes the jaw |
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Face Muscle
Temporalis |
Fan-shaped muscle overlying the temporal bone
Chewing muscle |
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Face Muscle
Zygomaticus |
Extends from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone
Smiling muscle |
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External Oblique
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Paired superficial muscles that make up the lateral walls of the abdomen
Compresses abdomen |
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Internal Oblique
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Paired muscles deep to the external oblique; fibers run at right angles to those of external oblique
Compresses abdomen |
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Pectoralis Major
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Large fan-shaped muscle covering the upper part of the chest adducts and flexes the arm
Adducts and flexes arm |
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Rectus Abdominus
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Most superficial musclces of the abdomen; run from pubus to rib cage
Compresses abdomen |
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Transverse Abdominus
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Deepest muscle of the abdominal wall and has fibers that run horizontally across the abdomen
Compresses abdomen |
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Serratus Anterior
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Broad, curved muscle located on the lateral chest wall directly infeior to the pectoralis major
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Sternocleidomastoid
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Found on each side of the neck; one end arises from the sternum and the other from the clavicle
Flexes head on neck |
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Platysma
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Superficial sheetlike muscle that covers the nect
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Trapeziuz
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Most superficial muscle of the posteior neck and upper trunk; a pair of these forms a diamond-sha[ed mass
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Large, flat muscle pair tha covers the lower back
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Deltoid
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Fleshy, triangle-shaped muscles that form the rounded shape of the shoulders
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Biceps Brachii
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Anterior surface of brachium; bulges whne elbow iis flexed
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Triceps Brachii
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Posteior surface of brachium
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Gluteus Maximus
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Superficial muscle of the hip that forms most of the flesh of the buttock
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Glutues Medius
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Runs from the illium to the femur, below the gluteus maximus for the most of its lenth
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Addductor Group
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Medial Side of each thigh; become flabby easily
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Sartorius
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Runs obliquesly across the thigh from the anteior iliac crest to the medial side of the tibia
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Cracilis
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Most medial thigh muscle
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Quadriceps Femoris
3 Vastus Muscles -Vastus Lateralis -Vastus Medialis -Vastus Intermedius Rectus Femoris |
Flesh of the anterior thigh
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Hamstrings
-Biceps femoris -Semimembranous -semitendinosous |
Run from the ischial tuberosity down the thigh to attch to boeth sides of the prosimal end of the tibia
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Tibialis Anterior
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Superficicial muscle on the anterior lowe leg
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Fibularis muscles
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Three are found laterally
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