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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most reliable sign of let-down?
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a change in the baby's sucking and swallowing pattern from quicks sucks with occasional swallowing to long, slow sucks with regular swallowing or gulping 41
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The let-down reflex may occur ____ during a feeding.
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many times 42
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Use of ____ has been found to inhibit let-down.
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ice 42
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_____ is an emotional factor that can temporarily affect a mother's let-down reflex.
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Stress 42
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What are the consequences of pacifier use?
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increased risk of early weaning, ear infection, slow weight gain, thrush, dental caries, incorrect suck patterns, earlier return to fertility and mastitis 43
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Reassure the mother who develops mastitis that ____ is best for her and her baby.
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continued breastfeeding 496
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_____ is a general term used to refer to any inflammation of the breast.
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Mastitis 497
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If a breastfeeding mother notices a tender spot, redness or a sore lump in her breast and she does not have a fever, the most likely cause is...
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a plugged milk duct 497
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A tender spot or lump in the breast that is accompanied by a fever and sometimes other symptoms (nausea, vomiting) may be a ...
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breast infection 497
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Which four symptoms indicate that the mother has a bacterial breast infection?
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1) a cracked nipple with obvious signs of infection
2) pus and blood in her milk 3) red streaks from the site of the infection back into her breast 4) sudden and severe symptoms with no identifiable cause 497 |
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A plugged duct comes on ____ while a breast infection comes on ____.
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plugged duct - slowly
breast infection - suddenly 497 |
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How can you tell the difference between a plugged duct and a breast infection (5 signs)?
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1) plugged duct comes on gradually; infection comes on suddenly
2) plugged duct is mild pain; infection is intense pain 3) plugged duct is cool; infection is hot and swollen 4) plugged duct, mother feels well; infection, mom feels flu-ish, achy 5) plugged duct, temp is lower than 101 degrees; infection, temp is 101 degrees or higher 497 |
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Which two bacterial organisms are most commonly associated with mastitis?
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staphylococcus aureus and eschericha coli 499
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Why does nipple damage increase a mother's risk of mastitis?
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the break in skin provides a point of entry for infective organisms to enter the breast 499
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When do the breasts begin producing milk?
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the 2nd to 6th day following birth 492
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The normal fullness of milk in the breasts will gradually decrease ____ after birth as long as the baby is feeding well and regularly.
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2-3 weeks after birth 492
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Normal breast fullness may develop into engorgement between the ____ day after birth
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3-6th day 492
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If engorgement is treated promptly, its most extreme manifestation usually subsides within ____ .
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12-48 hours 492
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Engorgement that is not treated will...
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subside usually within 7-10 days 492
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If a mother of a baby older than 3-6 days is experiencing engorgement, it is probably due to...
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missed or delayed feedings 493
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Rarely, unrelieved engorgement may damage _____ due to excessive pressure
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the milk-producing cells 493
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To treat engorgement .... (4 things).
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massage and apply heat before feeding, breastfeed frequently and make sure both breasts are softened at each feeding 493
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What are the two types of mastitis?
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plugged duct and breast infection 496
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Mastitis could make the mother's milk taste ____ causing the baby to refuse the breast.
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salty 502
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When a plug causing a plugged duct is drawn out through the duct's opening in the nipple, the coagulated milk may look like ____, a ____ or a _____.
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crystal, a grain of sand or a long, thin strand of spaghetti 502
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If a mother expresses the plug from a plugged duct out through the duct's opening, this WILL/WILL NOT harm the baby
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WILL NOT 502
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If the hardened area of lump of mastitis has not begun to shrink within ____, suggest the mother see her doctor.
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several days of consistent treatment 502
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What is a breast abscess?
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a localized collection of pus 506
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If the surgical incision from a drained breast abscess is ______, the baby may continue breastfeeding on that breast.
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far enough from the nipple so that the baby's mouth does not touch it when he breastfeeds 506
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___ may seep out of a surgically drained breast abscess incision.
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Milk 507
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Even though the incision will heal more slowly, a mother should continue to breastfeed on a breast which has undergone a surgical abscess drainage if possible for what reasons? (3 of them)
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1) it prevents engorgement
2) helps prevents mastitis from recurring 3) decreases the likelihood that the baby will develop a preference for the unaffected breast once the incision has healed 507 |
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A mother's breasts will feel ____ when she is lactating than when she is not.
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differently 507
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Most lumps in a nursing mother's breasts are either ___ or ___, such as a plugged duct or breast infection.
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milk-filled glands or inflammation 507
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What is the name for a milk-retention cyst?
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galactocele 507
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What are the two most common causes of deep breast pain?
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a forceful letdown or mastitis 510
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Why do newborns tend to lose weight during the first 3-4 days of life? (2 reasons)
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shedding of excess fluids in the baby's tissues and the passage of meconium 148
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In the first 3-4 days of life, a newborn weight loss of __ to __% is considered normal.
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5-7% 148
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Most newborns regain their birthweight within ____
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10 days to 2 weeks 148
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Average weight gain for a newborn for the first 3-4 months is about ____ per week.
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6 ounces 148
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Growth in length of the newborn should be about ___ per month for the first 6 months.
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1 inch 148
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Growth in head circumference of the newborn should be about ____ per month during the first 6 months.
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a half inch 148
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The average breastfed baby doubles his birth weight by about ____ months of age.
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5-6 months 149
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At one year, the typical breastfed baby weights about ___ times his birth weight, has increased his birth length by __% and his head circumference by __%.
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2.5 times, 50% and 33% 149
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Newborn stool usually turns yellow by the ___ day.
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5th day 149
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By about the fifth day, the mother should expect to see at least ____ bowel movements the size of a US quarter or larger every day.
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3-4 page 149
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The breastfed baby that is six weeks old that has fewer than 3-4 bowel movements a day is ___ as long as they are gaining weight within the normal range.
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not a cause for concern 149
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Inadequate weight gain is often seen in babies who are ____
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placid and easygoing 150
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After the fifth day postpartum, if the baby is not wetting at least ____ diapers per day and having at least ____ bowel movements the size of a US quarter or larger, the mother should consult a doctor to have the baby's weight checked.
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6 wet diapers, 3-4 bowel movements 150
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If the mother does not eat animal products, the newborn may develop a severe ____ deficiency, even if the mother shows no signs of one.
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B12, page 444
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Pears are effective for relieving ____
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constipation 446
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If a mother wants to lose weight during breastfeeding, she should wait until her baby is at least ___ old before trying.
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2 months 446
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Maternal weight loss during breastfeeding is ______ as long as the mother is losing weight slowly (a pound a week).
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safe, it will not affect her baby's growth 446
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Can a nursing mother use hair-care products such as hair dyes and permanents?
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YES, no evidence exists that suggests the use of these products is harmful 449
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Can a nursing mom use a tanning bed?
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yes 449
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Can a mother who has a previous nipple piercing breastfeed?
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Yes, no evidence suggest to show that nipple piercing restricts breastfeeding in the majority of cases 449
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Nipple soreness may be partly _____ and may be normal in the first two weeks for some women, as long as nipples appear healthy.
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hormonal 456
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Nipple soreness after or between feedings could be Raynaud's phenomenon or it could be ____
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thrush 457
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Creams and ointments that contain ___, ___, ___, ___ or other _____ products are not safe for the baby to ingest.
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vitamin A, vitamin D, baby oil, vaseline or other petroleum products 466
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The use of a hair dryer on sore, cracked nipples is _____ recommended.
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no longer 466
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Breastmilk has ____ properties.
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antibacterial 467
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If a mother wants to lose weight during breastfeeding, she should wait until her baby is at least ___ old before trying.
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2 months 446
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Maternal weight loss during breastfeeding is ______ as long as the mother is losing weight slowly (a pound a week).
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safe, it will not affect her baby's growth 446
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Can a nursing mother use hair-care products such as hair dyes and permanents?
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YES, no evidence exists that suggests the use of these products is harmful 449
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Can a nursing mom use a tanning bed?
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yes 449
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Can a mother who has a previous nipple piercing breastfeed?
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Yes, no evidence suggest to show that nipple piercing restricts breastfeeding in the majority of cases 449
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Nipple soreness may be partly _____ and may be normal in the first two weeks for some women, as long as nipples appear healthy.
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hormonal 456
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Nipple soreness after or between feedings could be Raynaud's phenomenon or it could be ____
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thrush 457
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Creams and ointments that contain ___, ___, ___, ___ or other _____ products are not safe for the baby to ingest.
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vitamin A, vitamin D, baby oil, vaseline or other petroleum products 466
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The use of a hair dryer on sore, cracked nipples is _____ recommended.
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no longer 466
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Breastmilk has ____ properties.
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antibacterial 467
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Does lanolin need to be removed before feeding?
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no 467
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Babies are ready to wean from the nipple shield when ....
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the initial problem has been resolved 476
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By when should birth weight be regained?
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10 days to 2 weeks 29
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A newborn weight loss of __% is acceptable but could indicate that breastfeeding is not going smoothly and that the mother needs additional help.
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10% 29
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_____ has a laxative effect, helping the baby eliminate meconium and thus excess bilirubin.
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Colostrum 29
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Why does a newborn baby lose weight during the first 3-4 days after birth?
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shedding of excess fluids in the baby's tissues at birth and the passage of meconium 29
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A mother who wants to give a pacifier or bottle should wait until ____ so that breastfeeding problems are less likely to develop.
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3 weeks to a month 30
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Milk production is dependent upon how often, long and effectively the baby ____
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nurses 30
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TRUE or FALSE: Water supplements can help to reduce jaundice.
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FALSE: water does not have the laxative effect that colostrum does and does not promote the passage of meconium 30
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What are 7 signs of newborn dehydration?
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1) listlessness
2) lethargy 3) when skin is pinched, it stays pinched 4) dry mouth, dry eyes 5) weak cry 6) minimal urine output (1-2 diapers in first day is ok, after that fewer than 3 wet diapers a day is danger sign) 7) fever 30 |
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Pacifier use has been associated with increased incidence of ... (7 things).
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1) thrush
2) dental problems 3) slow weight gain 4) mastitis 5) early weaning 6) incorrect sucking technique 7) ear infection 31 |
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Growth spurts, or periods of increased nursing, commonly occur at around ___, ___ and ___ of age.
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2-3 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months of age 38
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The baby's effective sucking at the breast cause two hormones, ___ and ___ to be released by the mother's pituitary gland.
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oxytocin and prolactin 38
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What is the milk producing hormone?
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prolactin 38
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Which hormone causes contractions within the breasts which squeeze the milk down the milk ducts to the nipple so that the baby can get it.
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Oxytocin 38
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Which hormone is responsible for triggering the let-down, or milk-ejection reflex?
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oxytocin 38
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What are necessary to build a mother's milk supply during the early weeks?
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frequent nursings 38
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What is an average weight gain for the breastfed baby?
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6 oz or more a week for the first 3-4 months 39
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What is the most reliable indicator that let down is occurring?
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a change in the baby's suck-swallow rhythm, from quick sucks to long, slow sucks with regular swallowing and a breath after every one or two sucks 41
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Can a mother breastfeed with hepatitis A?
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yes 538
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What is infectious hepatitis?
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hepatitis A 538
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What is serum hepatitis?
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hepatitis B 538
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If the mother has hepatitis B during pregnancy, the newborn may be exposed to the disease by...
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coming in contact with maternal fluids at birth 538
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Can mothers with chronic hepatitis C breastfeed?
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yes, there is no data that show an increase in HCV infection among breastfed babies 539
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Can mothers with hepatitis B breastfeed?
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yes, but only if the baby receives a vaccine within 12 hours of birth 538
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What is the risk that the infant of a hepatitis C carrier mother will get infected in utero?
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1%, risk is directly related to the amount of virus in the mother's bloodstream. with low titers there is virtually no risk 539
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Can a mother with cold sores or genital herpes sores breastfeed?
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yes, but only if she follow strict precautions of hand washing after touching sores and before touching baby, covering the sores with clean coverings and avoiding kissing the baby when she has cold sores 539
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Can a mother with herpes breastfeed?
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yes, as long as the baby does not come into contact with the sores and the mother follows strict handwashing guidelines 541
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Do mothers with an acute hepatitis C infection have a higher chance of transmitting the disease to their baby compared to when they are asymptomatic?
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yes 540
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When is a herpes infection serious or life-threatening?
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when it is acquired in utero, at birth, or during the first few weeks of life 541
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When does the baby of an HIV infected mother lose the HIV antibodies that she passed on to him?
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15 to 18 months of age. This is when you can test the baby to see whether it has contracted the disease or not 541
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Does an elective cesarean help to reduce the transmission of HIV from mother to baby?
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yes 542
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TRUE or FALSE: most antibiotics are compatible with breastfeeding?
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TRUE 549
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Can a mother with Lyme disease breastfeed?
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yes, no evidence exists that shows Lyme disease to be transmitted through breastfeeding 549
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Can a mother with malaria breastfeed?
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yes 549
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Can a mother with gonorrhea or chlamydia breastfeed?
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yes, and medications used to treat them are compatible with breastfeeding 550
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Although most drugs pass into a breastfeeding mother's milk, the amount is very small, usually about ___% of the mother's dose.
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1-2% 590
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How many half-lives does it take for a drug to be eliminated from a mother's system?
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about 5 page 592
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If a drug needs to be given by injection because it would be destroyed by the mother's digestive system, then it is likely to be compatible with breastfeeding because...
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in most cases the baby's digestive system renders it harmless as well 592
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Is it safe to have an occasional drink or regular light drinking while breastfeeding?
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yes, the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs have not found this to be harmful to the nursing baby 597
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How many cups of coffee a day would a breastfeeding mother need to drink in order for the caffeine to begin affecting her baby?
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5 cups 599
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If a mother is a smoker, is it better to breastfeed or bottle feed?
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breastfeed 601
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Should the mother who smokes marijuana breastfeed?
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no, it is contraindicated by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs 603
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Levels of iron in human milk are ____ and not affected by the mother's diet or by taking iron supplements.
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constant 605
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Are vitamin supplements usually necessary for breastfeeding babies?
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no 605
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In most cases, when a mother is deficient in a particular nutrient, __________ may be as or more effective than giving her baby vitamin supplements.
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improving the mother's nutrition and/or providing her with supplements 606
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Which babies are most at risk for vitamin D deficiency? (5 risks)
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1) dark skin
2) consistent coverage of skin with clothing or sunscreen when outdoors 3) live in areas where there is little sunlight or do not go outdoors 4) live in areas of heavy pollution, which blocks sunlight 5) mother is vitamin D deficient 606 |
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How long does a baby need to be exposed to sunlight in order for vitamin D synthesis to occur?
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a few minutes a day 606
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Vaccinations for the mother are considered ___ with breastfeeding.
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compatible 608
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