N517 Nervous System 1 (In Progress)

Front 1

What finger is on the midline of the hand?

Back 1

Middle

Front 2

What toe is on the midline of the foot?

Back 2

2nd

Front 3

What embryonic structure will become the neural groove?

Back 3

The neural plate

Front 4

What embryonic tissue does the central nervous system arise from?

Back 4

Ectoderm (specifically neural ectoderm)

Front 5

What embryonic tissue does the skin arise from?

Back 5

The ectoderm

Front 6

What is the protrustion from the neural tube canal that demarcates the alar plate and basal plate?

Back 6

The sulcus limitans

Front 7

What embryonic tissue do microglial cells arise from?

Back 7

Mesenchyme

Front 8

What components of the nervous system develop from the neural tube?

Back 8

The brain and spinal cord

Front 9

What components of the nervous system develop from the neural crest?

Back 9

All neurons with cell bodies in the PNS

Front 10

What type of CNS tissue do the alar plate and basal plate become?

Back 10

Grey matter

Front 11

What type of CNS tissue does the marginal layer become?

Back 11

White matter

Front 12

What are the stages of development of the neuron?

Back 12

Neuroepithelium --> apolar neuroblast --> bipolar neuroblast --> unipolar neuroblast --> multipolar neuroblast

Front 13

What are the stages of development of an astrocyte?

Back 13

Neuroepithelium --> glioblast --> astroblast --> astrocyte (protoplasmic or fibrous)

Front 14

What are the stages of development of an oligodendrocyte?

Back 14

Neuroepithelium --> glioblast --> oligodendroblast --> oligodendrocyte

Front 15

What tissue do the ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium arise from?

Back 15

The neuroepithelium

Front 16

What structure does the alar plate become?

Back 16

The dorsal sensory horn of the spinal cord

Front 17

What structure does the basal plate become?

Back 17

The ventral motor horn of the spinal cord

Front 18

Where do the cells that become melanocytes come from?

Back 18

The neural crest

Front 19

What structure enters the spinal cord to bring information to the dorsal sensory horn?

Back 19

The dorsal sensory root

Front 20

What structure leaves the spinal cord to bring information out from the ventral motor horn?

Back 20

The ventral motor root

Front 21

Which part of the nervous system uses a pre- and post-ganglionic nerve system?

Back 21

Autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic) nervous system

Front 22

How many nerves make up the path between the spinal cord and a skeletal muscle?

Back 22

Just one - can be as long as needed.

Front 23

What vertebral levels does the sympathetic chain align with?

Back 23

T1 to L2/L3

Front 24

Are post-ganglionic neurons myelinated?

Back 24

No

Front 25

What structures do post-ganglionic neurons align themselves with?

Back 25

Blood vessels

Front 26

What cells myelinate axons inside the CNS?

Back 26

Oligodendrocytes

Front 27

What cells myelinate axons in the PNS?

Back 27

Schwann cells

Front 28

What is the role of astrocytes in the CNS?

Back 28

To line surfaces and support the blood-brain barrier

Front 29

What is the role of microglial cells in the CNS?

Back 29

They are phagocytic

Front 30

What is the role of the tanycytes in the CNS?

Back 30

Specialized ependymal cells; transmit hormones to the neurons from the ependyma

Front 31

Ratio of Schwann cells to axons:

Back 31

Multiple Schwann cells to one axon

Front 32

Ratio of oligodendryocytes to axons:

Back 32

Multiple axons myelinated by one oligodendrocyte

Front 33

What junctions are found between the epithelial cells in the blood vessels in the CNS?

Back 33

Tight junctions (to support the blood brain barrier)

Front 34

How many cervical nerves do we have?

Back 34

8

Front 35

How many thoracic nerves do we have?

Back 35

12

Front 36

How many lumbar nerves do we have?

Back 36

5

Front 37

How many sacral nerves do we have?

Back 37

5

Front 38

How many cervical vertebrae do we have?

Back 38

7

Front 39

Where do the cervical nerves arise in relationship to their same-numbered vertebrae?

Back 39

Above them, except for cervical nerve 8 (above T1)

Front 40

Where do the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves arise in relationship to their same-numbered vertebrae?

Back 40

Below them

Front 41

At what level does the spinal cord proper end?

Back 41

Around T1-T2

Front 42

What singular spinal nerve is located below the sacral nerves?

Back 42

Coccygeal

Front 43

What is the name for the tapered end of the spinal cord?

Back 43

Conus medullaris

Front 44

What is the name for the extension of the dura/pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Back 44

Filum terminale ("ending thread")

Front 45

What is the name for the collection of nerves travelling past the end of the spinal cord down to their emergence points?

Back 45

Cauda equina ("horse's tail")

Front 46

What level does the filum terminale begin?

Back 46

Around S1

Front 47

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

Back 47

Dura mater ("tough mother")

Front 48

What is the innermost layer of the meninges?

Back 48

Pia mater ("pious/tender mother")

Front 49

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

Back 49

Arachnoid mater ("spider mother" referring to spiderweb-like appearance)

Front 50

What is the difference between the dura mater around the brain and the dura mater around the spinal cord?

Back 50

Near the brain, the dura mater is adhered to the skull; near the spinal cord, the dura mater is surrounded with a layer of fat but is not adhered to any structure

Front 51

What structure do spinal nerve rootlets aggregate to become?

Back 51

Spinal nerve roots

Front 52

What two roots does every spinal nerve have?

Back 52

Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots

Front 53

What do the ventral and dorsal spinal roots merge to become?

Back 53

A mixed spinal nerve

Front 54

How long is the mixed spinal nerve segment?

Back 54

Very short; 3-5mm

Front 55

What does the mixed spinal nerve segment divide into?

Back 55

Dorsal/posterior primary ramus

Ventral/anterior primary ramus

Front 56

Do the rami carry motor, sensory, or both nerve fibers?

Back 56

All rami + branches carry both

Front 57

What is the common name for CN I?

Back 57

Olfactory nerve

Front 58

What is the common name for CN II?

Back 58

Optic nerve

Front 59

What is the common name for CN III?

Back 59

Oculomotor nerve

Front 60

What is the common name for CN IV?

Back 60

Trochlear nerve

Front 61

What is the common name for CN V?

Back 61

Trigeminal nerve

Front 62

What is the common name for CN VI?

Back 62

Abducens nerve

Front 63

What is the common name for CN VII?

Back 63

Facial nerve

Front 64

What is the common name for CN VIII?

Back 64

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 65

What is the common name for CN IX?

Back 65

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 66

What is the common name for CN X?

Back 66

Vagus nerve

Front 67

What is the common name for CN XI?

Back 67

Accessory nerve

Front 68

What is the common name for CN XII?

Back 68

Hypoglossal nerve

Front 69

What two components make up the accessory nerve (CN XI)?

Back 69

Cranial component

Spinal component

Front 70

What muscles does the spinal component of the accessory nerve innervate?

Back 70

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Front 71

What path does the cranial component of the accessory nerve take?

Back 71

It joins with the vagus nerve very shortly after it arises

Front 72

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 72

31

Front 73

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Back 73

12

Front 74

What structure do the spinal nerves enter/exit the vertebral column through?

Back 74

The intervertebral foramina