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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What finger is on the midline of the hand? |
Middle |
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What toe is on the midline of the foot? |
2nd |
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What embryonic structure will become the neural groove? |
The neural plate |
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What embryonic tissue does the central nervous system arise from? |
Ectoderm (specifically neural ectoderm) |
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What embryonic tissue does the skin arise from? |
The ectoderm |
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What is the protrustion from the neural tube canal that demarcates the alar plate and basal plate? |
The sulcus limitans |
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What embryonic tissue do microglial cells arise from? |
Mesenchyme |
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What components of the nervous system develop from the neural tube? |
The brain and spinal cord |
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What components of the nervous system develop from the neural crest? |
All neurons with cell bodies in the PNS |
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What type of CNS tissue do the alar plate and basal plate become? |
Grey matter |
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What type of CNS tissue does the marginal layer become? |
White matter |
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What are the stages of development of the neuron? |
Neuroepithelium --> apolar neuroblast --> bipolar neuroblast --> unipolar neuroblast --> multipolar neuroblast |
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What are the stages of development of an astrocyte? |
Neuroepithelium --> glioblast --> astroblast --> astrocyte (protoplasmic or fibrous) |
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What are the stages of development of an oligodendrocyte? |
Neuroepithelium --> glioblast --> oligodendroblast --> oligodendrocyte |
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What tissue do the ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium arise from? |
The neuroepithelium |
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What structure does the alar plate become? |
The dorsal sensory horn of the spinal cord |
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What structure does the basal plate become? |
The ventral motor horn of the spinal cord |
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Where do the cells that become melanocytes come from? |
The neural crest |
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What structure enters the spinal cord to bring information to the dorsal sensory horn? |
The dorsal sensory root |
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What structure leaves the spinal cord to bring information out from the ventral motor horn? |
The ventral motor root |
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Which part of the nervous system uses a pre- and post-ganglionic nerve system? |
Autonomic (sympathetic/parasympathetic) nervous system |
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How many nerves make up the path between the spinal cord and a skeletal muscle? |
Just one - can be as long as needed. |
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What vertebral levels does the sympathetic chain align with? |
T1 to L2/L3 |
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Are post-ganglionic neurons myelinated? |
No |
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What structures do post-ganglionic neurons align themselves with? |
Blood vessels |
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What cells myelinate axons inside the CNS? |
Oligodendrocytes |
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What cells myelinate axons in the PNS? |
Schwann cells |
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What is the role of astrocytes in the CNS? |
To line surfaces and support the blood-brain barrier |
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What is the role of microglial cells in the CNS? |
They are phagocytic |
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What is the role of the tanycytes in the CNS? |
Specialized ependymal cells; transmit hormones to the neurons from the ependyma |
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Ratio of Schwann cells to myelinated axons: |
Multiple Schwann cells to one axon |
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Ratio of oligodendryocytes to axons: |
Multiple axons myelinated by one oligodendrocyte |
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What junctions are found between the epithelial cells in the blood vessels in the CNS? |
Tight junctions (to support the blood brain barrier) |
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How many cervical nerves do we have? |
8 |
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How many thoracic nerves do we have? |
12 |
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How many lumbar nerves do we have? |
5 |
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How many sacral nerves do we have? |
5 |
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How many cervical vertebrae do we have? |
7 |
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Where do the cervical nerves arise in relationship to their same-numbered vertebrae? |
Above them, except for cervical nerve 8 (above T1) |
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Where do the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves arise in relationship to their same-numbered vertebrae? |
Below them |
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At what level does the spinal cord proper end? |
Around T1-T2 |
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What singular spinal nerve is located below the sacral nerves? |
Coccygeal |
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What is the name for the tapered end of the spinal cord? |
Conus medullaris |
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What is the name for the extension of the dura/pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx? |
Filum terminale ("ending thread") |
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What is the name for the collection of nerves travelling past the end of the spinal cord down to their emergence points? |
Cauda equina ("horse's tail") |
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What level does the filum terminale begin? |
Around S1 |
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What is the outermost layer of the meninges? |
Dura mater ("tough mother") |
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What is the innermost layer of the meninges? |
Pia mater ("pious/tender mother") |
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What is the middle layer of the meninges? |
Arachnoid mater ("spider mother" referring to spiderweb-like appearance) |
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What is the difference between the dura mater around the brain and the dura mater around the spinal cord? |
Near the brain, the dura mater is adhered to the skull; near the spinal cord, the dura mater is surrounded with a layer of fat but is not adhered to any structure |
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What structure do spinal nerve rootlets aggregate to become? |
Spinal nerve roots |
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What two roots does every spinal nerve have? |
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots |
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What do the ventral and dorsal spinal roots merge to become? |
A mixed spinal nerve |
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How long is the mixed spinal nerve segment? |
Very short; 3-5mm |
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What does the mixed spinal nerve segment divide into? |
Dorsal/posterior primary ramus Ventral/anterior primary ramus |
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Do the rami carry motor, sensory, or both nerve fibers? |
All rami + branches carry both |
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What is the common name for CN I? |
Olfactory nerve |
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What is the common name for CN II? |
Optic nerve |
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What is the common name for CN III? |
Oculomotor nerve |
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What is the common name for CN IV? |
Trochlear nerve |
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What is the common name for CN V? |
Trigeminal nerve |
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What is the common name for CN VI? |
Abducens nerve |
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What is the common name for CN VII? |
Facial nerve |
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What is the common name for CN VIII? |
Vestibulocochlear nerve |
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What is the common name for CN IX? |
Glossopharyngeal nerve |
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What is the common name for CN X? |
Vagus nerve |
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What is the common name for CN XI? |
Accessory nerve |
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What is the common name for CN XII? |
Hypoglossal nerve |
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What two components make up the accessory nerve (CN XI)? |
Cranial component Spinal component |
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What muscles does the spinal component of the accessory nerve innervate? |
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid |
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What path does the cranial component of the accessory nerve take? |
It joins with the vagus nerve very shortly after it arises |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
31 |
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? |
12 |
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Through which structure do the spinal nerves enter/exit the vertebral column? |
The intervertebral foramina |
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What type of neuron are the General Somatic Afferent and General Visceral Afferent nerves? |
Pseudounipolar neurons |
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What structures do the General Visceral Afferent/Efferent nerves innervate? |
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands |
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What structures do the General Somatic Afferent/Efferent nerves supply? |
Skeletal muscles |
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What type of neurons are the General Somatic Efferent and pre- and post-ganglionic General Visceral Efferent nerves? |
Multipolar neurons |
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What does the dorsal primary ramus innervate? |
The deep muscles of the back! |
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Why is the white ramus communicans called "white"? |
Because it carries the preganglionic axons which are myelinated |
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Why is the grey ramus communicans called "grey"? |
Because it carries the postganglionic, unmyelinated axons |
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Which is the only nerve in the body without cutaneous innervation? |
Cervical nerve 1 |
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What nerves carry preganglionic neurons into the ganglia beyond the sympathetic chain? |
Splanchnic nerves |
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Which part of the somite forms the skin? |
Dermatome |
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Which part of the somite forms the muscle? |
Myotome |
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Which part of the somite forms the cartilage/bone? |
Sclerotome |
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What embryonic structures form into the 6 skeletal muscles of the eye? |
The preotic myotomes |
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What embryonic structures form into the extrinsic/intrinsic muscles of the tongue? |
The occipital myotomes |
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Endochondral osteogenesis is: |
Bone (usually long bone) forms in existing cartilaginous template |
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Intramembranous osteogenesis is: |
Bone (usually flat bones) forms in mesenchyme without a cartilaginous template |
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What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? |
Somatic nervous system (SNS) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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What is the enteric nervous system? |
Cells within the organs of the body that control things like peristalsis |
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What are the roles of the neuroglia? |
Support, insulate, and nourish the neurons |
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Are neurons or neuroglia more abundant? |
Neuroglia are 5x more abundant |
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What does an axon do? |
Conducts impulses away from neuron cell body |
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What do dendrites do? |
Conducts impulses into the neuron cell body |
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How do the Schwann cells interface with myelinated nerve axons? |
One Schwann cell wrapped around to create a "jelly roll" segment |
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How do the Schwann cells interface with unmyelinated nerve axons? |
One Schwann cell will wrap around the axons of several neurons; does not myelinate them, but merely protects them |
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What is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS called? |
Ganglion |
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What is a collection of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS called? |
Nucleus |
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What do we call a bundle of nerve fibers (aka axons) held together by a connective tissue sheath? |
A peripheral nerve |
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What layer of connective tissue surrounds individual nerve fibers? |
Endoneurium |
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What layer of connective tissue surrounds fascicles of nerve fibers? |
Perineurium |
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What layer of connective tissue surrounds entire nerves? |
Epineurium |
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Which root do sensory signals travel through? |
Dorsal root |
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Which root do motor signals travel through? |
Ventral root |
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What does grey matter consist of? |
Neuron cell bodies (as well as some myelinated axons) |
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What does white matter consist of? |
Myelinated axons only |
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How does the amount of myelin affect transmission speed? |
More myelin means faster transmission |
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What are the four things that a preganglionic visceral nerve can do at the sympathetic chain ganglion? |
1. Synapse at the sympathetic chain ganglion 2. Ascend to another ganglion and synapse 3. Descend to another ganglion and synapse 4. Pass through and travel along a splanchnic nerve to a pre-aortic ganglion
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What nerves carry preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to the pre-aortic ganglia? |
Splanchnic nerves |
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What spinal nerve levels become the greater splanchnic nerve? |
T5-T9 |
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What ganglion synapses with the greater splanchnic nerve? |
Celiac ganglion |
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What is unique about the adrenal medulla? |
There is no post-ganglionic neuron; the cells are innervated by the pre-ganglionic axon and are secretory neural cells |
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What structures do post-ganglionic nerves travel with? |
Blood vessels |
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the craniosacral outflow? |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Which cranial nerves supply the parasympathetic nervous system? |
III, VII, IX, and X 3, 7, 9, and 10 |
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Which sacral nerves supply the parasympathetic nervous system? |
S2, S3, S4 |
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What four ganglia are part of the cranial parasympathetic outflow? |
Ciliary ganglion Pterygopalatine ganglion Otic ganglion Submandibular ganglion |
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Which cranial nerve supplies most of the organs with parasympathetic signals? |
Vagus (X) |
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What spinal nerve innervates the umbilicus? |
T10 |
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What is the neurolemma? |
The outermost layer of the Schwann cells sheathed around a myelinated axon |