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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ch. 5
auditability |
The researcher's development of the research process in a qualitative study that allows a researcher or reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the researcher.
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Ch. 5
bracketing |
A process during which the researcher identifies personal biases about the phenomenon of interest to clarify how personal experience and beliefs may color what is heard and reported.
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Ch. 5
case study method |
The study of a selected contemporary phenomenon over time to provide an in-depth description of essential dimensions and processes of the phenomenon.
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Ch. 5
community-based participatory research |
Qualitative method that systematically accesses the voice of a community to plan context-appropriate action.
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Ch. 5
constant comparative method |
A process of continuously comparing data as they are acquired during research with the grounded theory method.
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Ch. 5
credibility |
Steps in qualitative research to ensure accuracy, validity, or soundness of data.
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Ch. 5
culture |
The system of knowledge and linguistic expressions used by social groups that allows the researcher to interpret or make sense of the world.
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Ch. 5
data saturation |
A point when data collection can cease. It occurs when the information being shared with the researcher becomes repetitive. Ideas conveyed by the participant have been shared before by other participants; inclusion of additional participants does not result in new ideas.
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Ch. 5
domains |
Symbolic categories that include the smaller categories of an ethnographic study.
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Ch. 5
emic view |
The natives' or insiders' view of the world.
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Ch. 5
ethnographic method |
A method that scientifically describes cultural groups. The goal of the ethnographer is to understand the natives' view of their world.
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Ch. 5
etic view |
An outsider's view of another's world.
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Ch. 5
external criticism |
validity of documents is established by external criticism, which judges the authenticity of the data source.
The researcher seeks to ensure that the data source is what is seems to be. E.g. If a researcher is reviewing a handwritten letter of Nightingale, some of the validity issue are: - Are the ink, paper, and wax seal on the envelope representative of her time - Is the wax seal one that she used in other authentic data sources? - Is the writing truly hers? |
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Ch. 5
fittingness |
Answers the questions: Are the findings applicable outside the study situation? Are the results meaningful to the individuals not involved in the research?
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Ch. 5
ground theory method |
An inductive approach that uses a systematic set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes.
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Ch. 5
historical research method |
The systematic compilation of data resulting from evaluation and interpretation of facts regarding people, events, and occurrences of the past.
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Ch. 5
instrumental case study |
Research that is done when the researcher pursues insight into an issue or wants to challenge a generalization.
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Ch. 5
internal criticism |
reliability is established by internal criticism, which (after a data source passes the test of external criticism does internal criticism is asked) concerns the reliability of info w/n the document.
To judge reliability, the researcher must become familiar w/ the time in which the data emerged. Context and language of the time is essential. |
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Ch. 5
intrinsic case study |
Research that is undertaken to have a better understanding of the essential nature of the case.
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Ch. 5
key informants |
Individuals who have special knowledge, status, or communication skills and who are willing to teach the ethnographer about the phenomenon.
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Ch. 5
intrinsic case study |
Research that is undertaken to have a better understanding of the essential nature of the case.
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Ch. 5
key informants |
Individuals who have special knowledge, status, or communication skills and who are willing to teach the ethnographer about the phenomenon.
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Ch. 5
lived experience |
In phenomenological research a term used to refer to the focus on living through events and circumstances (prelingual) rather than thinking about these events and circumstances (conceptualized experience).
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Ch. 5
meta-synthesis |
Integrates qualitative research findings on a topic and is based on comparative analysis and interpretative synthesis.
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Ch. 5
phenomenological method |
A process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience.
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Ch. 5
primary sources |
Scholarly literature that is written by person(s) who developed the theory or conducted the research. Primary sources include eyewitness accounts of historic events, provided by original documents, films, letters, diaries, records, artifacts, periodicals, or tapes.
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Ch. 5
secondary sources |
Scholarly material written by person(s) other than the individual who developed the theory or conducted the research. Most are usually published. Often a secondary source represents a response to or a summary and critique of a theorist's or researcher's work. Examples are documents, films, letters, diaries, records, artifacts, periodicals, or tapes that provide a view of the phenomenon from another's perspective.
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Ch. 5
theoretical sampling |
Process requires systematic, detailed record keeping using field notes and transcribed interview tapes. Hunches about emerging patterns in the data are noted in memos, and the researcher directs activities in the field by pursuing these hunches.
It is used to select experiences that will help the researcher test ideas & gather complete info about developing concepts. |
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Ch. 5
triangulation |
The expansion of research methods in a single study or multiple studies to enhance diversity, enrich understanding, and accomplish specific goals.
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Ch. 6
auditability |
The researcher's development of the research process in a qualitative study that allows a researcher or reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the researcher.
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Ch. 6
credibility |
Steps in qualitative research to ensure accuracy, validity, or soundness of data.
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Ch. 6
trustworthiness |
the rigor of the research in a qualitative research study
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Ch. 6
transferability |
aka fittingness
Answers the questions: Are the findings applicable outside the study situation? Are the results meaningful to the individuals not involved in the research? |
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Ch. 6
interpretive phenomenology |
research that is "informed by interpretive phenomenology seeks to reveal and convey deep insight and understanding of the concealed meanings of everyday life experiences" (deWitt and Ploeg, 2006, p. 216-217
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Ch. 6
phenomena |
Those things that are perceived by our senses, such as pain and losing a loved one.
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Ch. 6
theme |
a label that represents a way of describing large quantities of data in a condensed format
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Ch. 8
a priori |
From Latin: the former; before the study or analysis.
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Ch. 8
after-only design |
An experimental design with two randomly assigned groups—a treatment group and a control group. This design differs from the true experiment in that both groups are measured only after the experimental treatment.
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Ch. 8
after-only nonequivalent control group design |
A quasiexperimental design similar to the after-only experimental design, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups.
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Ch. 8
antecedent variable |
A variable that affects the dependent variable but occurs before the introduction of the independent variable.
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Ch. 8
attention control |
operationalized as the control group receiving the same amount of "attention" as the experimental group.
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Ch. 8
control |
Measures used to hold uniform or constant the conditions under which an investigation occurs.
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Ch. 8
dependent variable |
In experimental studies, the presumed effect of the independent or experimental variable on the outcome.
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Ch. 8
design |
The plan or blueprint for conduct of a study.
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Ch. 8
experiment |
A scientific investigation in which observations are made and data are collected by means of the characteristics of control, randomization, and manipulation.
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Ch. 8
experimental design |
A research design that has the following properties: randomization, control, and manipulation.
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Ch. 8
independent variable |
The antecedent or the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable.
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Ch. 8
intervening variable |
A variable that occurs during an experimental or quasiexperimental study that affects the dependent variable.
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Ch. 8
intervention fidelity |
One of the important features of a RCT (randomized control trial) that needs to be carefully designed.
Involves the process of enhancing internal validity by ensuring that the intervention is actually delivery systematically to all subjects in the intervention group. |
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Ch. 8
manipulation |
The provision of some experimental treatment, in one or varying degrees, to some of the subjects in the study.
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Ch. 8
mortality |
The loss of subjects from time 1 data collection to time 2 data collection.
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Ch. 8
nonequivalent control group design |
A quasiexperimental design that is similar to the true experiment, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups.
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Ch. 8
one group (pretest-posttest) design |
design used by researchers when only one group is available for study. Data are collected before and after an experimental treatment on one group of subjects. In this type of design, there is no control group and no randomization
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Ch. 8
power analysis |
The mathematical procedure to determine the number for each arm (group) of a study
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Ch. 8
quasi-experimental design |
A study design in which random assignment is not used but the independent variable is manipulated and certain mechanisms of control are used.
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Ch. 8
randomization (random assignment) |
A sampling selection procedure in which each person or element in a population has an equal chance of being selected to either the experimental group or the control group.
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Ch. 8
randomized controlled trial (RCT) |
A research study using a true experimental design
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Ch. 8
Solomon four-group design |
An experimental design with four randomly assigned groups—the pretest-posttest intervention group, the pretest-posttest control group, a treatment or intervention group with only posttest measurement, and a control group with only posttest measurement.
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Ch. 8
testing |
The effects of taking a pretest on the scores of a posttest.
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Ch. 8
time series design |
A quasiexperimental design used to determine trends before and after an experimental treatment. Measurements are taken several times before the introduction of the experimental treatment, the treatment is introduced, and measurements are taken again at specified times afterward.
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Ch. 8
treatment effect |
a sample size chosen large enough to make sure there is enough subjects in both study groups to statistically detect differences between those receiving the intervention & those who did not. This is called the ability to statistically detect the treatment effect.
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Ch. 8
true or classic experiment |
Also known as the pretest-posttest control group design. In this design, subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group, pretest measurements are performed, an intervention or treatment occurs in the experimental group, and posttest measurements are performed.
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Ch. 9
case control study |
aka "ex post facto study"
A type of nonexperimental research design that examines the relationships among the variables after the variations have occurred. |
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Ch. 9
cohort study |
aka "longitudinal, prospective studies"
A nonexperimental research design in which a researcher collects data from the same group at different points in time. |
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Ch. 9
clinical practice guidelines |
systematically developed statements or recommendations that serve as a guide for practitioners & assist in linking practice & research.
Developed by professional orgs, gov't agencies, institutions, or convened expert panels. Guidelines provide clinicians w/ an algorithm for clinical management of, or decision making for specific diseases or tx. |
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Ch. 9
correlational study |
A type of nonexperimental research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables.
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Ch. 9
cross-sectional study |
A nonexperimental research design that looks at data at one point in time, that is, in the immediate present.
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Ch. 9
developmental study |
A type of nonexperimental research design that is concerned not only with the existing status and interrelationship of phenomena but also with changes that take place as a function of time.
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Ch. 9
ex post facto study |
aka "case control study"
A type of nonexperimental research design that examines the relationships among the variables after the variations have occurred. |
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Ch. 9
integrative review |
Synthesis review of the literature on a specific concept or topic.
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Ch. 9
longitudinal study |
A nonexperimental research design in which a researcher collects data from the same group at different points in time.
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Ch. 9
meta-analysis |
A research method that takes the results of multiple studies in a specific area and synthesizes the findings to make
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Ch. 9
methodological research |
The controlled investigation and measurement of the means of gathering and analyzing data.
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Ch. 9
prospective study |
Nonexperimental study that begins with an exploration of assumed causes and then moves forward in time to the presumed effect.
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Ch. 9
psychometrics |
The theory and development of measurement instruments.
It is the most significant & critically important aspect of methodological research addressed in measurement development |
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Ch. 9
relationship/difference studies |
Studies that trace the relationships or differences between variables that can provide a deeper insight into a phenomenon.
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Ch. 9
repeated measures studies |
aka "longitudinal study"
A nonexperimental research design in which a researcher collects data from the same group at different points in time. |
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Ch. 9
retrospective study |
A nonexperimental research design that begins with the phenomenon of interest (dependent variable) in the present and examines its relationship to another variable (independent variable) in the past.
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Ch. 9
secondary analysis |
A form of research in which the researcher takes previously collected and analyzed data from one study and reanalyzes the data for a secondary purpose.
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Ch. 9
survey studies |
Descriptive, exploratory, or comparative studies that collect detailed descriptions of existing variables and use the data to justify and assess current conditions and practices, or to make more plans for improving health care practices.
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Ch. 9
systematic review |
Process where investigators find all relevant studies, published and unpublished, on the topic or question, at least two members of the review team independently assess the quality of each study, include or exclude studies based on preestablished criteria, statistically combine the results of individual studies, and present a balanced and impartial evidence summary of the findings that represents a "state of the science" conclusion about the evidence supporting benefits and risks of a given health care practice.
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