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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is automaticity?
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Ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to initiate or generate an electrical impulse
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Which nervous system regulates the heart and blood vessels?
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Autonomic Nervous System
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What is cardiac output?
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Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute
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What is conductivity?
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Ability of cardiac cells to transmit an electrical impulse to other cardiac cells
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What is contractility?
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Ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical impulse by contracting
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What is depolarization?
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Conduction of an electrical impulse through the heart muscle; normally causes a cardiac contraction
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What is excitability?
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Ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical impulse
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What is heart/lung circulation?
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Transportation of blood from the body cells, through the heart and lungs, and back to the body cells
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What is polarization?
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Cardiac ready state; the cells are ready to receive an electrical impulse
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What is repolarization?
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Cardiac recovery phase; the cells are returning to the ready state
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What are the chambers of the heart?
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1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle 3. Left atrium 4. Left ventricle |
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What are the atria?
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Thin-walled, upper chambers that function as reservoirs, or holding areas, for blood
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What is unique about the left ventricle?
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The muscle of the left ventricular wall is much thicker, because it has to pump blood throughout the body, to all body cells
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What is the septum?
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Muscular wall in the heart that separates the atria (interatrial septum) and ventricles (interventricular septum) into right and left sides
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How is blood pumped to the body?
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The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps blood throughout the body
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What produces the pulse (heart rate)?
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The pumping action of the left ventricle produces a pulse, or wave of pressure, which can be counted
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How much pericardial fluid is found in the pericardium?
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10-30 mL
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What is the purpose of the pericardial fluid?
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Acts as a lubricant, allowing the heart to move within the sac as it beats
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Where is the tricuspid valve?
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Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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Where is the bicuspid valve (mitral valve)?
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Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
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Where is the pulmonic valve?
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Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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Where is the aortic valve?
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Between the left ventricle and the aorta
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What produces the "lub dub" heart sounds?
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The NORMAL closing of the valves
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What causes heart murmurs in adults?
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An improperly functioning mitral (biscupid) valve
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In which blood vessel does the exchange of nutrients and waste products for the body cells take place?
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The capillaries
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What are arteries?
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Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
(Have the thickest walls of all blood vessels) |
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What is the largest artery in the body?
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Aorta
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What are the smallest arteries?
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Arterioles
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What are veins?
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Blood vessels that carry blood with carbon dioxide (deoxygenated blood) from the body cells back to the heart
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What is the largest vein in the body?
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Vena Cava
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What are the smallest veins?
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Venules
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What are the smallest blood vessels of the body?
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Capillaries
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What is ischemia?
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Decreased supply of oxygen to tissue
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What is hypoxia?
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A total lack of oxygen in the cells
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What is the pressure of "an elephant sitting on the chest" associated with?
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Angina pectoris
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What medication can be used to treat stable angina?
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Nitroglycerin
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What can untreated angina lead to?
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Myocardial infarction (death of cardiac tissue)
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What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction?
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1. Chest pain or pressure that is described as a heavy feeling, a dull ache, a crushing sensation, or indigestion that is not relieved by antacids
2. Pain or pressure may radiate (move) down the left arm or up into the neck, jaw, shoulders, or back 3. Nausea, vomiting 4. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath 5. Anxiety 6. A feeling of impending doom 7. Ashen (pale or grayish colored) skin 8. Light to extreme sweating (diaphoresis) 9. Extreme fatigue 10. Confusion 11. Loss of consciousness |
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What is the path of blood flow?
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Inferior and superior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonic valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → rest of the body, including the heart
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How is cardiac output determined?
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CO = SV × HR
(SV is stroke volume, HR is heart rate) |
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What is the stroke volume?
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The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each contraction or beat
(Efficiency of the heart) |
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What is the normal stroke volume?
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70 mL
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What is the normal range of cardiac output?
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4000 to 8000 mL
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How is homeostasis for the cardiac output maintained?
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1. When stroke volume is increased, the HR decreases (i.e. conditioned athletes)
2. When stroke volume decreases, the HR increases (heart injury or disease) |
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What are the signs and symptoms of poor cardiac output?
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1. Pale, cool, clammy skin
2. Nausea and vomiting (N/V) 3. Dizziness, weakness, faintness 4. Shortness of breath (SOB) 5. Hypotension 6. Dyspnea 7. Tachycardia 8. Diaphoresis 9. Mild to severe chest pain 10. Confusion or disorientation 11. Cyanosis 12. Decreased urinary output 13. Unresponsiveness |
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What is the mechanical function of the heart?
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Contraction (contractility)
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What are the electrical functions of the heart?
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1. Automaticity
2. Excitability 3. Conductivity |
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How is the polarization of the cardiac cells maintained?
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Presence of K+ inside the cells and Na+ outside the cells
(K+ < Na+, more sodium than potassium) |
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How does depolarization occur?
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K+ ions leave the cell and Na+ enters the cell. This causes the cell to become positively charged, thus contraction occurs.
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How is repolarization achieved?
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Na+ leave the cells again, K+ reenters, returning the cell to its negative charged state
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What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
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What is the normal electrical conduction pathway?
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Sinoatrial node (SA node) → intraatrial and internodal pathways → atrioventricular node (AV node) → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje's fibers → ventricular muscle (leading to contraction)
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True or False:
The main organs of the cardiopulmonary system are the heart and blood vessels |
False
Heart and lungs are organs of the cardiopulmonary system (not blood vessels) |
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True or False:
The parasympathetic nervous system decreases the rate of cardiac contractions |
True
The sympathetic nervous system increases the heart rate ("fight or flight response") |
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True or False:
The ventricles function as reservoirs for blood |
False
The atria function as reservoirs for blood |
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True or False:
Contractility is an electrical function of the heart |
False
Contractility is a mechanical function of the heart; automaticity, excitability, and conductivity are the electrical functions of the heart |
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The upper chambers of the heart are known as the _________________, and the lower chambers of the heart are known as the________________.
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Atria = upper
Ventrices = lower |
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What are the three main layers of cardiac muscle?
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1. Endocardium
2. Myocardium 3. Epicardium |
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What are the four valves of the heart?
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1. Tricuspid valve
2. Biscupid (mitral) valve 3. Pulmonic valve 4. Aortic valve |
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What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
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Arteries
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What type of blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?
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Veins
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What type of blood vessels allow the exchange of oxygen and nutrients for waste products at the cellular level?
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Capillaries
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The layer of the heart that contracts to pump blood to the lungs and throughout the body to all body cells is the _______ layer.
a. endocardial b. myocardial c. epithelial d. epicardial |
b. Myocardial
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Cardiac muscle tissue receives its blood supply from the
a. pulmonary arteries b. coronary arteries c. myocardial arteries d. coronary veins |
b. Coronary arteries
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In the lungs, the exchange of oxygen from inhaled air and carbon dioxide from capillary blood takes place inside tiny sacs called __________________.
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Alveoli
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Cardiac output is determined by
a. stroke volume multiplied by the respiratory rate b. stroke volume divided by the heart rate c. heart rate divided by the stroke volume d. heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume |
d. Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
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Automaticity is the ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to
a. contract b. respond to an electrical impulse c. regenerate themselves d. initiate an electrical impulse |
d. Initiate an electrical impulse
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The sympathetic nervous system
a. increases cardiac output and blood pressure b. decreases heart rate and blood pressure c. controls the autonomic nervous system d. increases heart rate, blood pressure, and the force of cardiac contractions |
d. Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and the force of cardiac contractions
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The ability of cardiac cells to transmit an electrical impulse is
a. excitability b. conductivity c. contractility d. automaticity |
b. Conductivity
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What is depolarization?
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Depolarization occurs as the electrical impulse travels through the cardiac cells, causing potassium to leave the cell and sodium to enter the cell, which causes the cell to become positively charged. This is the phase of contraction.
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What is repolarization?
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Repolarization is the recovery stage. The potassium is reentering the cells and the sodium is leaving the inside of the cell. The cells are returning to the ready or negatively charged state.
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Trace a drop of blood from the inferior vena cava to the aorta:
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Inferior and superior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonic valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → rest of body, including the heart
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Trace the normal electrical conduction pathway system of the heart:
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Sinoatrial (SA) node → intraatrial and internodal pathways → atrioventricular (AV) node → bundle of His → bundle branches (BB) → Purkinje's fibers → ventricular muscle
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What is ischemia?
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Decreased supply of oxygen in tissue cells, due to decreased blood supply
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What is a myocardial infarction?
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Death of cardiac tissue, also called coronary or heart attack
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What is stable angina?
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Chest pain caused by a decrease in oxygen to the heart muscle; usually relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
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What is unstable angina?
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Chest pain caused by a decrease in oxygen to the heart muscle, usually not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin; requires emergency evaluation and/or treatment
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What are four common symptoms of a myocardial infarction (MI)?
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1. Chest pain that radiates down the left arm, to the neck, lower jaw, shoulders or back
2. Nausea and vomiting 3. SOB or dyspnea 4. Altered LOC |
