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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Define : Apoptosis
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Cell suicide
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What are the two categories of aging theories?
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1. Biologic
2. Psychosociologic |
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What are the types of Biologic Aging Theories?
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1. Stochastic Theory
2. Non-stochastic Theory |
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What is the stochastic theory?
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A biologic aging theory that states that aging occurs RANDOMLY and accumulates over time
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What are the examples of stochastic theory?
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1. Gene theory
2. Error theory 3. Somatic Mutation theory 4. Free Radical theory 5. Cross-Linkage theory 6. "Wear-and-Tear" theory |
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What is the Gene theory?
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1. A biologic & stochastic theory of aging
2. One or more harmful genes become activated as an organism ages |
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What is the Error theory?
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1. A biologic & stochastic theory of aging
2. Accumulation of errors in protein synthesis over time. DNA or RNA errors result in impaired cellular function |
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What is the Somatic Mutation theory?
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1. A biologic & stochastic theory of aging
2. Chromosomal abnormalities result over time because of cell exposure to radiation or chemicals hastens DNA/RNA protein synthesis |
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What is the Free Radical theory?
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1. A biologic & stochastic theory of aging
2. Byproducts accumulating--oxidation ("rusting") |
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What is the main idea of the Free Radical Theory?
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Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates create free radical molecules when they oxidize that attach to other molecules and damage them
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What is one of the most intriguing phenotypes in the biology of aging?
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The accelerated aging witnessed in humans and animals as a result of certain mutations (Gene theory)
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What term is used to describe these accelerated aging conditions?
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Progeroid syndromes
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What are Progeroid syndromes?
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Rare genetic disease that accelerates aging
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Progeria
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What are the two most impressive forms of Progeroid syndromes?
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1. Werner's syndrome (WS)
2. Hutchinson-Gilford's syndrome |
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What is significant about Progeroid syndromes?
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Both these diseases (WS & Hutchinson-Gilford) originate a phenotype that is remarkably similar to an accelerated aging process, particularly in the case of WS
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What is the main factor that differentiates Werner's syndrome (WS) and Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome?
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Though differences exist in terms of pathology, what most markedly distinguishes these syndromes is age of onset with Hutchinson-Gilford's syndrome almost exclusively affecting children while WS patients normally reach adulthood
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What is the main idea of the Error Theory of aging?
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Aging is the result of the accumulation of errors in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis that, over time, lead to failure of cellular activity and aging changes
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What is the Cross-Linkage theory?
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1. A biologic & stochastic theory of aging
2. Chemical reactions create strong bonds between molecular structures that are not normally bonded. Changes in collagen & elastin—results in cell rigidity & instability |
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What is the Wear and Tear theory?
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1. A biologic & stochastic theory of aging
2. Repeated injury or overuse--man like a machine |
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What is the main idea of the Wear and Tear theory?
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Aging is the result of repeated and random injury to cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
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What is one way to help the body prevent free radical formation?
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Replenish Vitamin C everyday, in order to help with antioxidants
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What are sources of Vitamin C?
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Citrus fruits and juices (i.e. Orange juice)
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What is the non-stochastic theory?
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A biologic theory of aging that states that aging is predetermined and a timed phenomena
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What are the examples of non-stochastic theory?
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1. Programmed theory
2. Pacemaker theory 3. Immunologic theory 4. Autoaggression theory |
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What is the Programmed theory?
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1. A biologic & non-stochastic theory of aging
2. limited number that cells can divide—Biologic clock--Apoptosis 3. One belief is that cells are programmed to have a predetermined life and eventually reach that point at which they can no longer replicate, so they die |
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What is the Pacemaker theory?
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1. A biologic & non-stochastic theory of aging
2. Life-span programming, which is regulated by neurohormonal signals from conception until death. Neuroendocrine (pituitary/hypothalamus--neurons slow—neural, muscular & secretory function ↓) |
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What is the Immunologic theory?
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1. A biologic & non-stochastic theory of aging
2. Immune cell dysfunction, resulting in both a failure to recognize self and a decreased surveillance ability of the immune system. A certain amount of genetic material is allocated at the time of conception and eventually is used up. Changes occur in immune system—B &/or T cell self-regulatory pattern--leaving more vulnerable to disease. |
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What are autoimmune disorders according to the Immunologic theory?
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Autoimmune disorders are a cause of aging as the body produces antibodies to “self.”
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What is the Autoaggression theory?
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1. A biologic & non-stochastic theory of aging
2. Autoimmune—Alteration of B & T cells--antibodies to self (the cells are overly aggressive against the self) |
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What is a psychosocial theory?
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Theory of aging that attempts to explain the cognitive, psychological, and sociological changes of aging that are a part of normal development.
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What are the major types of psychosocial theories?
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1. Disengagement theory
2. Activity theory 3. Continuity theory |
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What is the main idea of disengagement theory?
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Withdrawal from society is a natural occurrence for the older adult.
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Give an example of disengagement.
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In Native American tribes, the elderly will disengage from the tribe and isolate him- or herself and not participate in any way with anyone or anything in the tribe
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What is the main idea of the activity theory?
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The belief that remaining active and participating meaningfully in society promote healthy aging
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What is the main idea of the continuity theory?
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Proposes that it is underlying personality traits that provide the motivation to either continuing pursuing interests or becoming less active in society based on earlier, successful behaviors.
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Are psychosocial theories supported by data?
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None of these theories can be clearly supported with data.
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What are the key concepts of aging?
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1. Aging is a gradual process
2. Longevity is thought to occur because of lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, environment) 3. The study of gerontology is new (only about 35 years)—and the actual causes of aging are not fully known 4. It is not known what changes over time specifically result in aging 5. With the advances of medical science, life is prolonged |
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What are the goals of Healthy People 2010?
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1. Physical Activity
2. Overweight & Obesity 3. Tobacco Use 4. Substance Abuse 5. Responsible Sexual Behavior 6. Mental Health 7. Injury & Violence 8. Environmental Quality 9. Immunizations 10. Access to Health Care |
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What is the purpose of having goals?
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Goals provide a general focus and direction. Specifically mentioned is the disease diabetes. Over 800,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, or 2,200 per day. Number of people with type 2 diabetes has increased as the aging population has risen.
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What are the statistics of diabetes in the aging population?
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Over 800,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, or 2,200 per day. Number of people with type 2 diabetes has increased as the aging population has risen.
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What are the goals of aging?
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1. Healthy People 2010
2. Aging should not equal disease and disability 3. Maximize function and prevent further deterioration 4. Keep and maintain independence not dependence |
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What is health for older adults?
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Exists on a wellness continuum
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What influences a person's definition of wellness?
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A person’s sociocultural context as well as how the person perceives his or her ability to function independently in light of the effects of chronic illness.
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What % of the aging live independently?
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Although approximately 86% of the aged are identified as having chronic illness(es), 95% are capable of living independently in the community.
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What is self-actualization?
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1. Highest level of human functioning (Maslow)
2. Evolution of maturity and emotions |
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What are the characteristics of self-actualization?
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1. Courage
2. Altruism 3. Humor 4. High morale 5. Continuous moral development 6. Self-renewal 7. Travel |
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What is the cornerstone of self-actualization?
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Defining life in a manner that will permit continual discovery of self
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What is available for the aging community?
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1. Learning and growing in later life has significantly increased, as age is no longer a barrier to education.
2. The Elderhostel program offers educational programs with low-cost room and board for adults over the age of 55. 3. Many elders travel for knowledge or pleasure, reflecting the increased affluence and energy of today’s elders. |
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What is transcendence?
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High-level emotional response to religious and spiritual life
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What is transcendence inspired by?
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The desire to go beyond the self
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What are the main components of transcendence?
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1. Awareness of being part of a larger scheme
2. Creative work 3. Religious beliefs 4. Children 5. Identification with nature 6. Mystical experiences |
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Primal transcendence
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Native peoples achieved meaning and structure primarily through natural phenomena
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Eastern transcendence
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Embodies reverence for life, ancestors, balance, and order
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Western transcendence
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Fraught with the struggle between good and evil; transcending evil to attain rewards after death is an expectation
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Gerotranscendence
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A shift in perspective from the material world of middle age to a transcendent one accompanied by increased life satisfaction.
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Time transcendence
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Can alter the time experience of chronologic time, while the unconscious mind does not experience time in the same manner. This discussion covers the time perception of elders.
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What are legacies?
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Tangible or intangible assets that are transferred to another and may be treasured as a symbol of immortality
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What are examples of legacies?
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1. Autobiographies or life histories (Remembered experiences)
2. Journaling (i.e. diaries) 3. Historic linkages and roots (Memoirs) 4. Collective legacies (Generational accomplishments 5. Legacies expressed through others (Mentoring, organ donor) 6. Living legacies (Donation of bodies to science) 7. Property and assets 8. Knowledge (Published works) 9. Personal possessions |
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