Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
-pt of CNS
- thought, memory, reasoning, sensation & voluntary movement -Frontal: personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual function PrecentralGyrus of Frontal Lobe: voluntary movement Parietal Lobe’s PostcentralGyrus: sensation Occipital: vision Temporal: auditory Wernicke’s: language; if damaged – receptive aphasia Broca’s area: motor speech; if damaged—expressive aphasia |
|
|
Basal Ganglia
|
-pt of CNS
- motor system; automatic movements of body |
|
|
Thalamus
|
pt of CNS
relay station for NS |
|
|
Hypothalamus
|
pt of CNS
Control center for heart rate temperature, blood pressure, sleep, anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulator, and coordinates autonomic nervous system activity and emotional status |
|
|
Cerebellum
|
pt of CNS
controls motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone operates below conscious level |
|
|
Brain Stem
|
central core of CNS
-Midbrain- contains motor tracts & neurons; merges hypo & thalamus -Pons- ascending & descending tracs -Medulla- connects brain to spinal cord; controlls resp, heart, GI |
|
|
Spinal Cord
|
- main highway for tracts that connect brain to spinal nerves
-mediates relfexes |
|
|
PNS
|
12 pairs CN, 31 pairs spinal nerves, & all their branches
Nerve: Bundle of fibers outside the CNS |
|
|
Reflex Arc
|
mechanisms, help body maintain balance and appropriate muscle tone
-deep tendon, superficial, visceral & pathologic |
|
|
ANS
|
Autonomic fibers innervate smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; Mediates unconscious activity; Overall function is to maintain homeostasis
|
|
|
Sensory Pathways
|
Sensation travels in afferent fibers in peripheral nerve through posterior (dorsal) root, into spinal cord.
Takes either spinothalamic tract or posterior columns 1) Spinothalamic Tract: sensory fibers that transmit pain, temp& crude or light touch. 2) Posterior Column: Position, vibration, and finely localized touch |
|
|
Motor Pathways
|
Corticospinal/Pyramidal Tract: Mediate very skilled, discrete, purposeful voluntary movement
Extrapyramidal Tracts- maintains muscle control & body movements Cerebellar System: coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium, helps maintain posture Upper Motor Neurons- influence/modify lower motor neurons; w/in CNS Lower Motor Neurons- in PNS; funnels neural signals & final direct contact w/ muscles |
|
|
Fasciculations
|
Rapid continuous twitching of resting muscle or part of muscle without movement of limb; Can be seen or palpated
Fine: occurs with lower motor neuron diseases associated with atrophy and weakness Coarse: occurs with cold or fatigue; not significant |
|
|
Tic
|
involuntary, compulsive, repetitive twitching of a muscle group (e.g. wink, grimace, head movement, and shoulder shrug) due to neurological causes
|
|
|
Tremor
|
Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups
Results in rhythmic, back and forth movement of one or more joints; may occur at rest or with voluntary movement disappear while sleeping. May be slow (3-6 per second) or rapid (10 to 20 per second) Rest Tremor: Coarse and slow; partly/completely disappears with voluntary movement Intention Tremor: Variable rate and worsens with voluntary movement; Occurs with cerebellar disease & MS Essential Tremor: Type of intention tremor most common amongst older people; Benign, but causes emotional stress; Improves with administration of sedatives, propranolol, alcohol |
|
|
Cerebral Ataxia
|
Staggering, wide-based gait; difficulty with turns, uncoordinated movement with positive Romberg Test
can be caused by alcohol or barbiturates, cerebellar tremor, and MS |
|
|
Parkinsonian
|
Stooped posture, pitched forward trunk, hips, elbows, & knees are flexed
Steps are short and shuffling, hesitation to begin walking, and difficulty stopping suddenly Body is rigid, walks and turns body as one fixed unit, difficulty changing directions |
|
|
Scissors
|
Gait in which Knees are cross and in contact
Person uses short steps and walking requires effort Can be due to paralysis of legs or MS |
|
|
Steppage or Footdrop
|
Slapping quality; looks like they’re walking up stairs with no stairs
lift knee and foot really high and slap it down hard and flat to compensate for footdrop Can be due to weakness of peroneal and anterior tibial muscles, lower motor neuron lesion at spinal cord |
|
|
Peripheral neuropathy
|
Loss of sensation involving all modalities; loss is most severe distally (feet and hands); response improves as stimulus is moved proximally
Anesthesia zone gradually merges into a hypoesthesia zone, then gradually becomes normal cam be caused by diabetes, chronic alcoholism, and nutritional deficiency |
|
|
Decorticate Rigidity
|
Upper extremities- flexion of arm, wrist, and fingers; adduction of arm
Lower extremities – extension, internal rotation, plantar flexion Indicates: hemispheric lesion of cerebral cortex |
|
|
Decerebrate Rigidity
|
Upper extremities-stiffly extended, adducted, internal rotation, and palms pronated
Lower extremities-stiffly extended, plantar flexion, teeth clenched, hyperextended back More ominous than decorticate rigidity; indicated lesion in brain stem at midbrain or upper pons |
|
|
Flaccid Quadriplegia
|
Complete loss of muscle tone and paralysis of all four extremities indicating completely nonfunctional brain stem
|
|
|
Opisthotonos
|
Prolong arching of back with head and heels bent backward; indicates meningeal irritation
|
