Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What maintains the resting membrane potential of the membrane?
|
Na/K pump
|
|
|
What are the two types of NT receptors?
|
1. ionotropic- contain ion channels
2. metabotropic receptors- coupled with second messengers pathways controlling ion channels via- G-proteins |
|
|
What is the common precursor for synthesis of catecholamines?
|
L-tyrosine
|
|
|
Where is L-tyrosine synthesized in the body and by what enzyme?
|
In the liver (from phenylalanine) by phenylalanine hydroxylase
|
|
|
What is the rate-limiting step of catecholamine synthesis?
|
Tyrosine hydroxylase converting tyrosine to DOPA (dyhydroxyphenylalamine)
|
|
|
How do you get norepinephrine from dopamine?
|
add a hydroxyl group (dopamine B-hydroxylase)
|
|
|
example of exit pathway(chain of infection)
|
blood, exudates, excretions, secretions
|
|
|
What is the most common dopaminergic neurons disorder from insufficiency of dopamine biosynthesis?
Treatment? |
Parkinsons treated with L-dopa and stem cell therapy
Also also associated with ADD |
|
|
What enzyme makes epinephrine from norepinephrine?
|
phenyethanol-amine N-methyl transferase
|
|
|
Where is the best place to find dopaminergic neurons?
|
Midbrain (ventral tegmental area)
also substantia nigra pars compacta, and arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus |
|
|
What are the important functions of dopamine in the brain?
|
behavior & cognition, motivation & reward, sleep, mood, attention, and learning
|
|
|
What is the first-line treatment for parkinson's?
|
L-DOPA (and fetal cell transplant)
|
|
|
What are the 2 chief effects of epinephrine?
Disorder of too much production? |
increased HR and BP
Excessive production of catecholamines in pheochromocytoma (tumors from adrenal medulla) leads to high blood pressure |
|
|
how is Serotonin degradated?
|
MAO-A
|
|
|
What NT/hormone controls appetite, mood and sleep?
|
serotonin
|
|
|
Serotonin is _____ by a protein meal and ____ by a carb meal.
|
dec by protein
inc by carb |
|
|
What is the precursor for serotonin?
|
tryptophan
|
|
|
What two types of reactions must occur to synthesize serotonin?
What does it play a role in? |
oxidation and decarboxylation
Balances brain from over-excitation and aids in anxiety, stress, and depression |
|
|
How does GABA act as an inhibitory NT?
|
increase permeability of post-synaptic membranes to chloride
|
|
|
Disorders of GABA result in what?
|
... bad question but....
neurological and psychiatric disorders (epilepsy) |
|
|
What is GABA synthesized from?
What enzyme does this? What anxiety drug is GABAa a target of? |
glutamate (via glutamate decarboxylase)
target of valium... |
|
|
Explain how huntington's disease progresses...
|
Initially knocks out the GABA neurons in the
basal ganglia • Equilibrium between inhibitory GABA neurons and excitatory glutamate neurons disturbed • Result in excess motor signals and causing random frequent motion • In later stages, brain atrophy occurs (25‐30% of the brain shrinks |
|
|
What is the genetic pathophysiology of Huntington's Disease?
|
Gene product: huntington's disease
37-121 glutamine repeats usually normal is 11-34 aggregates of the mutant accumulate in affected areas of the brain |
|
|
Where are the cell bodies of histaminergic neurons located?
|
posterior basal hypothalamus
|
|
|
Histidine is the precursor to what NT? Where is it synthesized?
|
histamine (produced via decarboxylation of histidine)- synthesized in mast cells and certain neuronal fibers
|
|
|
How is Ach synthesized?
|
Choline + acetyl CoA via choline acetyltransferase
|
|
|
How is NO synthesized?
|
Arginine is converted to citrulline via NO synthase and NO is released during the reaction
|
|
|
What are the 3 forms of NO synthase and which one are calcium-dependent?
|
Endothelial & neuronal - Ca++-dep
Inducible (Macs, neuts, hepatocytes) -- Ca++-indep |
