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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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theological aspect-epistemology
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revelation
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theological aspect-eschatology
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existence had a beginning now what will happen at the end?
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theological aspect-theodicy
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philosophical of why bad things happen to good people
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theological aspect-soteriology
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a theology of salvation. how one is saved or free
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Form of religion- monism (monistic)
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belief that good/evil come from the same source
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Form of religion-dualism (dualistic)
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belief that good/evil come from different sources
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Form of religion- Deism (deistic)
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laws of nature are in charge.establish harmony w/ nature. god created the laws but nature is in charge
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Form of religion- theism (theistic)
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diety is in control of everything
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Form of religion-agnosticism
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belief in a diety or any type of religion is something unknown or unknowable
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Form of religion-atheism
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rejection of theism, the belief that dieties do not exist
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form of theism-polytheism
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many deities
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form of theism- henotheism
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belief in many gods but one in particular is supreme
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form of theism-monotheism
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one deity
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form of theism- pantheism
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creator and creation is one and same
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Frazer and the Golden Bough
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first attempt to discover the evolution of religion, claimed that primitive magic and ideas of animal souls became an idea of spirits which eventually led to theism
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Religion in/as culture
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-religion shapes our social systems and provides forms for our material culture
-in turn, it reflects our social arrangements and our modes of production |
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Theories of religious purpose (3)
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Biological/evolutionary
psychological/psychoanalytic sociological/behavioral |
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Types of myth (4)
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Creation
Apocalypse National Identity Parables |
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Theories of myth-Functionalist
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Malinowski- serve a functional purpose
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Theories of myth- Structuralist
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Levi-Strauss -binary theory, myth is a portal into the human mind
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Theories of myth- Euhemerist
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myths are somewhat based on truth but have been exaggerated over time
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Myth Within Culture
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Ideostructure- world view /ideology , myths mythology-top layer
Sociostructure- social relationships, political economy -middle layer Infrastructure- material culture-praxis, rituals, behavior, -bottom layer |
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Disjunction
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Raymond Firth, difference between an objects literal existence and its symbolic usage and meaning
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Icon
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resemblance to an object of spiritual/sacred value
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relic
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something that once belonged to the person, religious objects
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iconoclasm
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the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives
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Jungian archetypes
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Anima/animus archetype- aphrodite/venus/etc inner personality of the unconscious male and female
shadow archetype- demon figures mother archetype-goddesses father archetype- paternal deities |
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Old testament
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"Tanakh" three parts : Torah-law N'vim-prophets Khetuvim-writings
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New Testament
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Four gospels first three are called the synoptic gospels and the fourth is called the gospel of john
Acts of apostles Apostolic letters-(Pauline letters) Book of revelation |
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Dead sea scrolls
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Left out of the OT
-Thought to be the3 work of sectarian essene scribes -Contains complete version of Isaiah Includes: -The manual of discipline-community rule -The war scroll-describes apocalyptic war -The copper scroll-lists locations of temple treasures -The temple scroll- describes a visionary temple |
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Gnostic gospels
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Gospel of Thomas
Gospel of philip- identifies mary magdelene as the "companion" of jesus (concubine) |
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council of Nicea
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325 CE
council of nicea meets by order of emperor constantine and they draft the nicene creed (what to be a christian you must believe) and a NT canon |
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garden of eden
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-explains the structure of the world including taboos, ideal and living things
-shows how the nations and languages of the world came to be -explains the inter-relations of the Israelite to other middle eastern cultures through genealogy location-mesopotamia |
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Noah's sons and the races of mankind
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Shem- Semites middle peoples
Ham- Hamitic africa Japheth- Japhatic asian |
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Tree of Abraham
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Two Sons-Isaac and Ishmael
From Isaac- Jacob (12 tribes of Isreal) and Esau (Edomites) From Ishmael- Ishmaelites (Arabs) -Mohammed (Islam) |
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primogeniture
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common aw right of the firstborn son to inherit the entire estate
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Noahide laws
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7 Laws that non-jews are required to follow
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Apocalypse myth
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cyclical worldview
-world is continually destroyed then re-created -linear view of time. time will come to an end then final judgment and then eternity |
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Messianism
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"Moshiach"-anointed one
Messianic movements-believed the messiah will bring about the final age |
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The Armageddon
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written by John of Patmos-Final Battle between sons of light and sons of darkness to occur at Har Megiddo
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Tribulation and Rapture
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John was writing about events in his own time and other events he thought would occur soon...time of testing of non-christians
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Seventh day adventists
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Created by Willian Miller-Millerites -branch davidians
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Shrine of Fatima
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Apparition at Fatima- Mary appeared to three children and gave them three secrets of fatima
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Stigmata
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Manifestation of the mystical wounds of christ's passion, means marking in latin, first known stigmatic was st. francis of assissi
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Glossolalia
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Speaking in tongues
actually a nonsensical language, people in a trance |
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Shroud of Turin
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Burial Cloth of Jesus- actually carbon dated to 13th Century
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Characteristics of Urban Legend Myths
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-come in many variants w/ common motifs
-products of city life and the anonymity of strife it produces -Mostly spread anonymously via e-mail and internet |
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Freemasonry
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Deistic separation of church and state
masonic insignia-compass/square -must believe in a supreme being-teaches moral precept through allegorical use of building tools progressive degrees of initiation 3rd min up to 33rd degree |
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Illuminati
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group that is behind governments in order to influence the governments into creating a new world order
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temple of solomon-knights templar
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crusader order of knights, also monks who fought in the crusades during the middle ages
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principles of magic (2)
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Sympathetic-similarity
contagious- contact |
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fetishes
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mana, objects with magical energy
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Limits of rationality
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Malinowski and the trobrianders: "magic begins at the limits of rationality"
-occult beliefs are likely to be found in any society at the limits of rational, empirical, knowledge |
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Forms of western mysticism
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Jewish-Kabbalah
Christian-gnostics-rosicrucians Islamic-Sufis-dervishes |
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Famous Mystics
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Pythagoras-music of the spheres
Plato- the neoplatonists St.Theresa of Avila/St. John of the cross (carmelites) St. Francis of Assissi-First stigmatic |
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gematria
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numeric values for hebrew letters, sums are made for words and phrases and words with equivalent numeric values are said to be esoterically equivalent
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Tetragrammaton
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the sacred name of god
yod he vahv he only consonants, no vowels so not sure of pronunciation, longer secret 72 letter name |
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Golem of Prague
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clay creature that was brought to life by a rabbi of prague who wrote Emeth (truth) on it's forehead. startetd terrorizing the city and when he erased the E spelled meth which means death and turned back to clay
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Tree of Life-Kabbalah
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10 Sfirots, path to god
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Brainwave states
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Beta 13-30 HZ waking consciousness
Alpha 8-12 Hz daydreaming, light trance Theta 4-7 Hz REM dreaming, deep trance Delta .5-4 Hz Deep sleep, unconscious |
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OBE/NDE
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Out of body experience/near death experience, "astral projection"
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Hypnogogic/Hypnopompic
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night hag/night terrors
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Psychedelic/hallucinogenic states
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under the influence of an entheogen
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Hypnosis/Mesmerism
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created by Anton mesmer- turned out to be a fraud, you could be mesmerized by anything with steady rhythm-focused attention
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Brain structures
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Temporal lobes-stimulation causes visions and feelings of sensed presense
Pineal Gland- "third eye" - secretes melatonin Reticular activating formation-governs sleeping and waking |
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Entheogens
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plants ritually consumed for religious purpose, also called hallucinogens, psychadelics, etc
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Peyote
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used by the native american church for ceremonial purposes, legal use granted to the members of the church
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Ayahuasca
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Santo Daime in Brazil vine and plant mixture
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Ergot
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fungus that grows on grain contains LSD-european origins, Fruit of Eleusis-St anythony's fire
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Fly Agaric
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Soma of the Aryans (rigt-Veda) origins of shamanism, vedic texts, divine liquor of immortality (mushroom-white with red top)
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Santeria
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origin: Cuban slaves
practicioners: santeros-babalaos Controversies: animal sacrifice (City of Hialieah vs. Church of Babalu-Aye) |
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Voudoun
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origin: Haiti
Practicioners: hougans/mambos controversies: are zombies real? (wade david and Serpent and the Rainbow |
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Candomble
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Origin: Brazilian Slaves
Practicioners: umbandistas controversies: Jose arago "surgeon of the rusty knife" |
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Zombis
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wade david and his book serpent and the rainbow explored the idea of living dead in haiti...people who were buried alive by being paralyzed by a toxin (tetradotoxin) sorcerer revives them after 24 hrs
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RasTafari
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origin: jamaican preachers attractetd to the message of marcus garvey
beliefs: halle selassie was is the african messiah, ethiopia is the land of zion jamaica is the babylon diaspora controversies: use of ganja (marijuana) for ritual of reasoning |
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characteristics of revitalization movements
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often nativist-nationalistic
millenarian / apocalyptic messianic reactionary prophetic |
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stages of formation of revitalization movements
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steady state
increased individual /social stress cultural distortion period of revitalization new steady state |
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cargo cults
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john frum movement
found: melanasian islands of the pacific after WWII rituals: used effigies of soldiers and planes to compel cargo to return |
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ghost dance
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founder: jack wilson Wovoka
practiced mainly by plains indians rituals: circle dancing, chants, ghost shirts beliefs: would cause ancestors and the buffalo to return end result: destroyed by wounded knee, massacre of the ghost dancers-marked the end of ghost dance because shortly after most indians signed surrender treaties |
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shamanism origins
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spread from siberia (with experimentation with the fly agaric mushroom) into asia, africa, americas, and europe
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The world tree-axid mundi
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shamans worldwide believe in a great tree or axis that connects three worlds
underworld- realm of chthotic nature powers-forces of nature live here middle realm-everyday world celestial realm-realm of the star and sky spirits omphalos world navel pole star is anchor of world tree via spirit flight shamans can ascend or descend this world tree |
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Carlos castenada
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how many people first come to know about shamanism
real surname: Arana claimed to be initiated into a yaqui way of life |
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sun dance
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a lakota ceremony, dance around a pole and skin is pierced, then tear the piercing from the skin lasts usually 3 days with fasting and little sleep
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devils tower
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plains indians sacred site in Wyoming
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Mobility Hypothesis
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-witchcraft accusatiton against women are far less frequent in nomadic culture than in patriarical, sedentary societies
-in these societies, women are seen as threats to father-son transmissions of property -accusation intensify during periods of social stress and changes in male/female roles |
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malleus maleficarum
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published in the late 1400's by two dominican priests
warn that witches have sex with the devil and can be identified through a mark on their body 15th-18th century thousands of alleged witches were burned at the stake because of this book |
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salem witch hunts
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1690's witch craze spreads to america and takes root in puritan salem, mass.
black slave hecuba had been teaching th3e local kids root charms which led to outbreak of witch hysteria |
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wiccan-misunderstandings
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wiccans say the horned god of wicca is not the devil but instead the antler-horned master of the hunt found in pagan religions and moon-goddess
-white witches-threefold law of wiccan rede -pentagram symbol for five elements |
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ritual -def and types
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ritual is collective and social by nature, unlike mysticism, which is individual and introspective
main types: temporal-orienting of time spatial-orienting of space body-physical body transformation |
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liminality
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van gennep-the state of social in betweeness that ritual helps address and resolve...according the gennep most rituals serve the purpose of separation,rebirth,reincorporation
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communitas
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a state of radical social equality or fellowship, often brought about through rituals of social inversion
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initiation
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radical resocialization-often through symbolic death and rebirth
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life cycle rituals
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mark changes in social status form either natural aging or achievements
-birth -adulthood -marriage -giving birth -old age -death |
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calendrical rituals
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solstices: dec 21st-shortest day
june 21st -longest day equinoxes: march 21st -sept 21st-equal amounts of light and day precession-refers to a change in the direction of the axis of a rotating object |
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Fetish
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fetiche originally meant charm thought to be charged with mana
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totem
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a clan animal symbol believed to be legendary ancestor of the clan.
a totem pole has several of these totems representing the clans that make up the tribe |
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manitou
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algonquians believed every person had two totems the manitou (personal) totem and clan/lineage totem
-animal or guardian spirit -external soul-vision quest to find your manitou |
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taboo
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two types-prohibitions on actions (food clothing objects)
on association (marriage, intercourse, friend) |
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Noahide laws
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7 laws that non-jews follow
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carnical-mardi gras
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comes from the catholic fasting last day to eat meat before lent -carne val became known as fat tuesday which is mardi gras in french
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Santiago de compostela
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northern spain-the site where the bones of st.james were found in 9th century
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mecca
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saudi arabia
site of the black stone |
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wailing wall
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jerusalem-western wall of king herods expansion to the 2nd temple
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benares
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on the river ganges, india
dedicated to the lord shiva pilgrims seek to improve their karms by bathing in the river |
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India-Hinduism
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hindu trinity-brahma the creator, vishnu the preserver, and shiva the destroyer
believe in caste system cycle of reincarnation key texts-vedas, mahabharata, rumayana, and bhagavad gita |
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india buddhism
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founded by siddharta
two primary schools: mayama and himayana concepts: karma dharma nirvana three types tibetan-dalai lama japanese-zen chinese-pure land |
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other faiths in india
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sikhism
jainism tantric mysticism |
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China religions taoism and confusionism
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lao-tzu-the ying-yang
feng shui i ching martial arts confusionism- filial piety-respect to family |
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Japan shinto
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divinity of the emperor-descended from amatsteru the sun goddess rescinded by decree of 1945
dragons great respected older beings tea ceremony |
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theocracy
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religious law is secular law; religious officials govern
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divine kingship
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religious officials control secular king who may also be of divine or demi god example-ancient egypt, iran, japan
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dual state
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religion and state separate but co-equal spheres of equal influence-medieval europe
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secular state
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religion is largely a private civil matter-US
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atheist state
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where religion is forbidden-cuba old soviet union
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east meets west
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theosophical society- krishnamurti
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fundamentalism vs. modernism
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fundamentalist are very literal
modernists understand that bible may be allegorical or symbolic |
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1st amendment clauses
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a) establishment clause- no official religion can be established
b)exercise clause- free exercise of religion but to an extent |
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controversies
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school and public prayer
creationism vs. evolutionism parochial school vouchers |
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scopes monkey trial
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early 20th century-evolutionary theory is standard in most biology classes
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seven prophets of islam
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adam
noah abraham moses david jesus muhammad (pbuh)-seal of the prophets-last one |
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five pillars of islam
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affirmation of faith
daily prayer tithing and charity ramadan fasting pilgrimage to mecca at least once |
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sunni vs shi'ite
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sunni-accept religious political leadership of the caliphs, chosen by consensus
shi'ite- believed religious leadership descends in hereditary succession of imams from all muhammads |
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wahabbi
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group of sunni fundamentalists from saudi arabia who seek to purify extraneous elements from islam
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sufis
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islamic mystics
inner hidden mystical dimension of islam principe of barak-grace, breath -sufis compare divine union (which they seek) to a form of erotic intoxication |
