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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Odysseus
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main character of the Odyssey, gone for 10 years, hero, obsessed with getting home- his nostos
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Penelope
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wife of Odysseus, example of perfect wife, faithful for 10 years, cunning like her husband
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Telemachus
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son of Odysseus, whiny, weak; becomes hero-esque with Athena's help after going on a journey searching for news of his father
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Aphrodite
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goddess of love/lust/beauty; born from Uranus' severed genitals (cut off by Kronos when Kronos defeated him, and thrown into the sea)
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Artemis
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goddess of the hunt & moon, twin sister of Apollo, daughter of Leto & Zeus
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Apollo
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god of sun, music, archery, medicine; twin of Artemis, son of Leto & Zeus; no island wanted to be his birth place; fearful temper; helps Demeter discover information about Persephone's disappearnce
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Ares
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god of war; adulters with Aphrodite (is caught by Hephaestus who traps them & makes them a spectacle for all the other gods)
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Athena
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goddess of wisdom & war; champions Odysseus among the gods & helps him on his nostos; also helps Telemachus to grow up & unearth his potential
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Demeter
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goddess of harvest, affects seasons, daughter is stolen away by Hades; loses her fertility & is depressed
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Hephaestus
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husband of Aphrodite, blacksmith, has paralyzed legs, is cuckolded by Aphrodite
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Hera
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last & favorite wife of Zeus, very jealous of all Zeus' conquests, bears Typhaon through parthogenesis out of revenge towards Zeus for reproducing without her
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Hermes
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messenger god, god of travelers, thieves, trade; can travel to & from the underworld
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Poisedon
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god of the sea; cause of Odysseus' troubles (angry at Odysseus for stabbing his son, the Cyclops, in the eye)
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Zeus
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chief god; thunderbolts; youngest son of Kronos & Rhea, overthrew Kronos with the help of Gaia; Rhea gave Kronos a stone wrapped in blankets rather than Zeus, Zeus grew up & overthrew his father
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Hades
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god of the Underworld, husband of Persephone, after making an agreement with Zeus, snatches her while she is gathering flowers, gets her to eat a pomegranate seed in the underworld, so she can't live fully above ground again
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Gaia
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Earth, married to/united with Uranus, gives birth to Kronos, conspires with her children to overthrow her husband/her other children
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Uranus
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sky; mate of Gaia
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Kronos
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youngest son of Gaia & Uranus; Titan (father of Zeus), overthrows Uranus with Gaia's help, cuts of Uranus' testicles & throws them in the sea (hence Aphrodite is born)
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Rhea
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wife of Kronos; mother of Zeus, Hades, older Olympians; helps Zeus overthrow his father
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Eileithyia
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goddess of childbirth; delayed in coming to Leto when she is pregnant with Apollo, because jealous Hera distracts her
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Helios
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god of sun, owns cattle of the sun which are sacred/not to be eaten, Odysseus' crew eats some of these cattle
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Persephone
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daughter of Demeter, taken by Hades who tricks her into eating pomegranate seed in the underworld (loss of innocence) & she cannot live among mortals/gods, Hades lets her live with her mother for 2/3 of the year, but for the rest she lives with him as his queen
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Achilles
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hero- Odysseus meets him in the Underworld & tells him he would rather be alive than be dead & a hero
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Agamemnon
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Trojan war hero who was murdered by his unfaithful wife upon his return home
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Atrides
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father of Agamemnon & Menelaus
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Alcinous
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ruler of Phaecians on island Scheria
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Arete
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wife of Alcinous (queen of Phaecians)
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Atreus
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father of Agamemnon & Menelaus
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Ajax
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Greek Trojan War hero; mad at Odysseus after losing a contest w/ him over Achilles' arms, & will not speak to him when he visits the underworld
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Clytemnestra
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wife of Agamemnon, who takes a lover during his absence & kills Agamemnon upon his return home; example of bad wife, contrast w/ Penelope
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Eumaeus
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Odysseus' faithful swineherd who takes him in when he returns home & helps him defeat the suitors
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Laertes
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Odysseus' father
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Menelaus
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Agamemnon's brother
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Nausicaa
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daughter of Alcinous & Arete who finds Odysseus (with Athena's help) & leads him to the village to receive aid from her parents
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Orestes
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son of Agamemnon & Clytemnestra
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Patroclus
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beloved comrade of Achilles, kills Hector
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Pisistritus
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son of Nestor & good friend of Telemachus, who accompanies him on his travels to find news of his father
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Priam
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king of Troy during Trojan War
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Tiresias
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blind prophet who Odysseus encounters in the world of the dead who recognizes him even before having drunk the blood of the sacrifice (which is necessary for all others)
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Calypso
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sea nymph who keeps Odysseus with her as a sex slave for 7 years; lives in Ogygia
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Circe
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nymph who turns men into pigs, but Odysseus is given a special root to resist her; detains Odysseus for a year; then tells Odysseus how to get to the underworld
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Charybdis
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obstacle for Odysseus on his nostos back to Ithaca- whirlpool
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Polyphemus
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Cyclops son of Poseidon, who Odysseus blinded & thus incurred Poseidon's wrath
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Scylla
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sea monster with 6 necks & heads, obstancel for Odysseus on his nostos back to Ithaca
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Amphinuous
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one of Penelope's suitors (her favorite & the nicest who want to back off & who Odysseus wishes he didn't have to kill)
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Antinuos
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one of Penelope's suitors; v. antagonstic
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Argives
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all Greeks who sailed for Troy during the Trojan War
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Laestrygonians
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cannibals that Odysseus & his crew encounter on their nostos
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Achaea
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Greek mainland
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Ithaca
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Odysseus' home
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Mycenae
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home of Agamemnon
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Phaecia
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= Scheria; Phaecians deliver Odysseus home in their swift ships; get in trouble with Poseidon for helping him out, upon the ship's return to port, turns into a rock & sinks, Phaecians learn not to help everyone who comes along against the sea
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Pylos
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land over which Nestor rules
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Cosmos
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universe as a harmonious & orderly system
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Chaos
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the state/chasm from which the universe emerged
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Parthogenesis
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asexual reproduction; gods use it at first because of a lack of sexual partner, later as a form of revenge (i.e. Hera bearing Typhaon to get back at Zeus for reproducing w/o her)
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Cosmogony
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theory or account of the origin of the universe
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Theomachy
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war among the gods; i.e.- uprising of Kronos against Uranus, Zeus' overthrow of Kronos
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Fontenelle
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myth is an attempt to explain the world, through story telling prone to exaggeration- has a kernel of truth (from scientific observation)
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Hume
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myth is an irrationalist fantasy
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Heyne
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myth is a reaction to the natural world, base don fear & awe; myth also reveals truths about a particular culture
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Herder
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myths express the core identity of a people, reveal nation character; myth & the poetry that details it emerge at the same time; myth is the response of the human mind to its existence, not an attempt to explain the world
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Jacob Grimm
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ethnological approach to myth; focused particularly on German mythology; real truth of a culture is not found in the cities, but in the countryside
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Freud
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myths dramatize events of individuals' mental & psychological lives; we are not masters of our own psyche, but rather are at the sway of primal urges contained in our subconscious mind; unconscious vents desires, often through dreams --> myths are like the dreams of an entire culture (cultures' desires & urges shifted onto substitutes in myth)
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Levi-Strauss
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structuralism; myths are all analyzable into binary pairs- every myth has at its root a single pair of binary opposition (w/ v. broad focus); binary pairs are not reconciled by myth; the work the myth does in society is more important than the origin of the myth
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Nostos
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journey home
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Xenia
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guest-host relationship/hospitality; any strangers were always welcomed & treated like kings, then interviewed & asked to tell their story
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Telos
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endpoint of a journey
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K.O. Muller
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myths emerge from both internal & external influences; reflect historical political systems of the peoples who create hem
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Max Muller
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philologist; linguistic similarities indicated common mythologies & common mythological stock; myths of individual peoples are "disease of language"
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Jung
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all humans have a database of archetypes at birth, from which similarities arise; myths are encoded in our archetypes, lie dormant but emerge as the result of trauma; loving mother, devouring mother, anima, animus, shadow, self
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Harrison
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myths have underlying reality; myth & ritual are both universal forms of cultural expression- myths are the soundtracks to rituals whose original meaning has long since been lost; ritual develops before myth, but myth helps rituals to perpetuate long after original purpose has faded
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Malinowski
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myth's purpose is to do social work useful for the society that creates it; myths authorize social behaviors & create/support social norms
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Propp (Narratology)
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myths are essentially stories, unfold according to logic; mythemes- distinctive parts that make up a story (33)
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anima
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feminine side of men, shaped by mother, takes role of guide
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animus
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masculine side of women, shaped by father; can be strong, destructive or wise old man
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self
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integrated version of yourself that you hope to achieve
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shadow
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embodiment of impulses/characteristics that you have but deny, those you least desire to embody yourself
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Durkheim
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first to recognize connection between myths & ritual; humans create ritual in order to create social norms & a feeling of group belonging, from this feeling arises the divine; ritual initiates social change
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functionalism
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myth serves a function in the society that tells them; i.e. legitimizes social norms etc.
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structuralism
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Levi-Strauss; myths analyzable into binary pairs; linguistics integral to structuralism
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Titans
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first generation from Kronos & Rhea- kept in Tartarus
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Demodocus
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blind poet (Homer representation?) who sings of Odysseus & Achilles' quarrel at Troy 7 of the Trojan horse/sack of Troy- brings Odysseus to tears
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Aeolus
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ruler of the winds; gives Odysseus a bag of winds & sends him wind back towards Itahca (after stop at the Cyclops); crew thinks there could be treasure in the bag & opens it- blown off course, away from Ithaca
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Elpenor
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one of Odysseus' crew members who got drunk on Circe's island, slept on her roof, fell off & died
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Theoclymenus
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criminal prophet who Telemachus takes back to Ithaca with him, interprets one of the bird signs in favor of Odysseus & his line against the suitors
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Amaeus (nickname: Irus)
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beggar who usually hangs around Odysseus' palace/the suitors who gets into conflict with Odysseus (in beggar's garb), Odysseus beats him up
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euhemerism
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real historical figures provided the background for myths; "gods" were originally mortals who were deified as a result of their gifts to society
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internalism
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myth as a product of the human mind acting on its own
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externalism
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myth as a product of exterior forces that affect the human mind
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allegorism
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individual elements within the poem are coded symbols with hidden meanings
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probable date of Homer's writings
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~750 BCE
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approximate date of Trojan War
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1250 BCE
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omphalos/navel of the world
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Delphi
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