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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name 5 pathogenic organisms: |
bacteria fungi protozoa parasitic worms viruses |
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what are prescribed to treat or prevent bacterial infections? |
antibiotics/anti-infectives |
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def pathogen |
an organism capable of causing disease |
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how can pathogens enter the body? |
-inhalation -contact with mucous membranes -ingesting a contaminated substance (food) -a break in skin integrity |
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def pathogenicity |
disease-causing potential of a microorganism based on how quickly the pathogen can reproduce or multiply, and it's ability to avoid the hosts natural defences |
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def virulence |
an organisms ability to produce disease and survive both inside and outside the body |
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what 2 things does a micro-organisms virulence depend on |
it's: invasiveness (ability to grow rapidly); and toxicity (release of exotoxins and endotoxins) |
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what are exotoxins? |
Proteins with very specific actions, that are released by bacterial cells during growth *They are usually named for the site they affect. |
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What do exotoxins do? |
Modify cell enzymes and functions leading to cell death or dysfunction. *They are usually named for the site they affect. |
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what are endotoxins? |
they are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and are only released when the cell is disrupted |
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what do endotoxins do? |
They act as activators of many human regulatory systems, producing: -fever -inflammation *and potentially clotting, bleeding, or hypotension when released in large quantities. |
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How are bacteria classified? |
according to the structure of their cell wall, shape, or use of oxygen. |
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what are the cell wall classifications? (2) |
Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria |
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what are the cellular shape classifications? (3) |
Rod shapes (bacilli) Spherical shapes (cocci) Spiral shapes (spirilla) |
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what are the oxygen use classifications? (2) |
Aerobic (need oxygen) Anaerobic (do not need oxygen) |
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true or false: antibiotics are used to treat viral, parasitic, fungal, and bacterial infections |
false; those are treated by anti-infective drugs, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections |
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how are drugs classified? |
by: their chemical class (structure of the antibacterial drug); or pharmacologic classification (how they attack the pathogen [mechanism of action]) |
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def bacteriostatic |
Substance that can inhibit or slow down the pathogen's ability to grow and multiply |
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def bacteriocidal |
Substance that has ability to kill or destroy the bacteria |
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how do bacteriocidal drugs aid the body's immune system? |
They provide additional time for the body’s immune system to destroy the invading pathogen |
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List 4 inhibiting mechanisms of action of antibiotic drugs: |
inhibiting: -cell wall synthesis -protein synthesis -nucleic acid (DNA) synthesis -metabolic pathways |
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def acquired resistance: |
the current ineffectiveness of an antibiotic against a pathogen that in the past it was able to destroy |
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why does acquired resistance happen? |
As pathogens multiply, they produce mutations (changes in the genetic makeup) of the original bacterial cell. This results in a pathogen that is no longer susceptible to the antibiotic. As these mutations continue to multiply, a person can develop an infection that is considered drug-resistant |
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def nosocomial infection (aka HAI) |
An infection acquired in a hospital or institutional setting *health care associated infections (HAIs) |
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Name 2 popular strains of bacterial resisitant infections |
-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) |
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briefly explain culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing |
The bacterium is grown in the laboratory and identified (cultured) Once the organism is identified, the lab performs several tests to determine which antibiotic is most effective in killing it (sensitivity) |
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List 6 body fluids where a specimen may be taken from: |
-blood -sputum -spinal fluid -urine -stool -purulent drainage |
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true or false: Anti-infective agents are often given to prevent infections in high-risk individuals |
true |
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what are 6 host factors that must be considered when selecting drugs |
-host defenses (immune system fx) -local conditions (location of the infection) -drug allergies -age (dosage may have to be decreased) -pregnancy (damage to the fetus) -breastfeeding (secretion in breast milk) |
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antibiotics can be targeted to kill bacterial cell walls, this is an example of ________ drugs |
bacteriocidal |
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How are microbial cell walls classified? |
Gram-positive cell walls; Gram-negative cell walls |
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What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls? |
Gram-positive cell walls are very thick. Gram-negative cell walls are thinner. |
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What antibiotics are mosteffective against gram-negative bacteria? |
Cephalosporins |
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What antibiotics areeffective against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria? |
Penicillins |
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What areCarbapenems? |
broad-spectrum antibiotics that affect the bacteria cell wall |
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when was penicillin (the first antibiotic to be mass produced) first administered? |
1940's |
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What are the most common side effects of penicillin? |
fever, urticaria, and delayed skin reactions, hypersensitivity (anaphylactic response) |
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Clients who are allergic to penicillins may also experience cross-hypersensitivity with these antibiotics: |
cephalosporins |
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what are the largest group of antibiotics? |
cephalosporins |
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What are the most common side effects of cephalosporins? |
diarrhea and skin rashes |
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What types of organisms are Carbapenems effective against? |
both aerobic and anaerobic organisms |
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How must Carbapenems be administered? |
parenterally |
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What are the most common side effects of carbapenems? |
skin rashes, diarrhea, nausea, and thrombophlebitis at the site of injection |
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def asthenia |
Weakness, lack or loss of energy and strength |
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p5 review |
Anti-Infective Drugs: Antibiotics Affecting Bacterial Protein Synthesis |
