Myers Chapter 8

Front 1

mnemonics

Back 1

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Front 2

automatic processing

Back 2

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Front 3

effortful processing

Back 3

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Front 4

encoding

Back 4

the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning

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explicit memory

Back 5

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)

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implicit memory

Back 6

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

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long-term memory

Back 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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memory

Back 8

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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recall

Back 9

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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recognition

Back 10

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

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relearning

Back 11

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

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retrieval

Back 12

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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sensory memory

Back 13

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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short-term memory

Back 14

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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storage

Back 15

the retention of encoded information over time

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working memory

Back 16

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from longterm memory

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chunking

Back 17

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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deep processing

Back 18

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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echoic memory

Back 19

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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shallow processing

Back 21

encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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testing effect

Back 23

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

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mood-congruent memory

Back 24

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

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priming

Back 25

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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serial position effect

Back 26

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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hippocampus

Back 28

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 29

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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anterograde amnesia

Back 30

an inability to form new memories

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proactive interference

Back 31

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

(you get a new combination lock and the old combination may interfere with the new combination)

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repression

Back 32

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

(someone sings new lyrics to an old tune, you may have trouble remembering the original lyrics)

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retrograde amnesia

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an inability to retrieve information from one's past

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deja vu

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that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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misinformation effect

Back 36

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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source amnesia

Back 37

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Front 38

What is the network that processes and stores our explicit memory?

Back 38

frontal lobes and the hippocampus

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what happens if there is damage to the left hippocampus?

Back 39

Trouble remembering verbal information

Front 40

what happens if there is damage to the right hippocampus?

Back 40

trouble recalling visual designs and locations

Front 41

infantile amnesia

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our conscious memory of our first three years is blank because our hippocampus isn't fully developed

Front 42

What are the key memory structures in the brain?

Back 42

1. Frontal lobes and hippocampus: explicit memory formation

2. cerebellum and basal ganglia: implicit memory formation

3. amygdala: emotion related formation

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How do emotions effect memory processing?

Back 43

Emotional arousal sears certain events into the brain, disrupting neutral event memories to be formed at the same time

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Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping create stronger memories?

Back 44

The amygdala

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What are the three measures of retention?

Back 45

recall, recognition, relearning speed

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state-dependent memory

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what we learn in one state(drunk/sober)may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state

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rehearsal

Back 47

conscious repetition of information to encode information for long-term storage