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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blindsight |
a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
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change blindness |
failing to notice changes in the environment |
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cognitive neuroscience |
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
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consciousness |
our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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dual processing |
the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
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inattentional blindness |
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
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selective attention |
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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alpha waves |
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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circadian rhythm |
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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delta waves |
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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dream |
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. these are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
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hallucinogens |
psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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latent content |
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) |
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manifest content |
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
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narcolepsy |
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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night terrors |
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
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REM rebound |
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
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REM sleep |
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
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sleep |
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.) |
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sleep apnea |
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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dissociation |
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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hypnosis |
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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posthypnotic suggestion |
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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addiction |
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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alcohol dependence |
(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use |
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amphetamines |
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speededup body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
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barbiturates |
drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
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depressants |
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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Ecstasy (MDMA) |
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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hallucinations |
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
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LSD |
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
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methamphetamine |
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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near-death experience |
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
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nicotine |
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco |
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opiates |
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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physical dependence |
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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psychoactive drug |
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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psychological dependence |
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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stimulants |
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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THC |
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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tolerance |
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
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withdrawal |
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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insomnia |
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
