Myers Chapter 14

Front 1

attitude

Back 1

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Front 2

attribution theory

Back 2

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Front 3

central route persuasion

Back 3

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Front 4

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 4

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Front 5

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 5

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Front 6

fundamental attribution error

Back 6

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Front 7

peripheral route persuasion

Back 7

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Front 8

role

Back 8

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Front 9

social psychology

Back 9

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Front 10

conformity

Back 10

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Front 11

deindividuation

Back 11

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 12

group polarization

Back 12

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Front 13

groupthink

Back 13

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Front 14

informational social influence

Back 14

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Front 15

normative social influence

Back 15

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Front 16

social facilitation

Back 16

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Front 17

social loafing

Back 17

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Front 18

aggression

Back 18

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Front 19

altruism

Back 19

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Front 20

bystander effect

Back 20

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Front 21

companionate love

Back 21

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Front 22

conflict

Back 22

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Front 23

discrimination

Back 23

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Front 24

equity

Back 24

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Front 25

frustration-aggression principle

Back 25

the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Front 26

GRIT

Back 26

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

Front 27

ingroup

Back 27

"Us"-people with whom we share a common identity.

Front 28

ingroup bias

Back 28

the tendency to favor our own group.

Front 29

just-world phenomenon

Back 29

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Front 30

mere exposure effect

Back 30

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Front 31

mirror-image perceptions

Back 31

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Front 32

other-race effect

Back 32

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Front 33

outgroup

Back 33

"Them"-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Front 34

passionate love

Back 34

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Front 35

prejudice

Back 35

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Front 36

reciprocity norm

Back 36

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Front 37

scapegoat theory

Back 37

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Front 38

self-disclosure

Back 38

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Front 39

social exchange theory

Back 39

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Front 40

social script

Back 40

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Front 41

social trap

Back 41

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Front 42

social-responsibility norm

Back 42

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Front 43

stereotype

Back 43

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Front 44

superordinate goals

Back 44

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.