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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acropetal
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-spores are produced in a chain where the youngest spores is at the tip of the chain
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Aecio
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-prefix meaning cup
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Aecium
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-in rust fungi, a cuplike structure in which aeciospores are produced
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Aeciospore
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-a binucleate (dikaryotic) spore of rust fungi
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Aflatoxin
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-highly toxic substance produced by the Aspergillus fungus
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Anamorph
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-nonsexual (usually conidial) stage in a fungal life cycle (secual stage is the teleomorph)
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Anastomosis
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-hyphal fusion
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Aneuploid
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-condition in which an abnormal number of chromosomes is present in a cell
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Annulus
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-the 'ring'; a band of tissue encircling the stem of a mushroom (eg: commercial button mushrooms), sometimes movable
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Antheridium
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-a sperm producing structure
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Apex
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-tip
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Apical
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-at the tip (opposite of basal - at the base)
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Apo
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-prefix meaning open
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Apothecium
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-open disk like ascoma
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Appressorium
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-a flat swelling that forms on the end of a germ tube which adheres to the surface of the host before penetrating it
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Arbuscule
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-hyphae with a shrubby appearance which mycorrhizal fungi form inside root cells of the associated plant
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Areole
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- a portion of a lichen thallus separated from other areoles by cracks
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Arthropods
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-animals with exoskeletons, such as insects, spiders and crabs
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Arthrospore
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-a conidium formed from restructuring the walls of a septate hypha, so that it breaks into separate segments (hyphal fragmentation) eg Geotrichum
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Asco
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-prefix meaning sack
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Ascocarp
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-ascus bearing structure of an ascomycete
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Ascoma (ta)
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-ascus bearing structure of an ascomycete
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Ascogenous hyphae
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-hyphae containing paired haploid male and female nucle, that eventually give rise to asci
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Ascogonium
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-female gametangium of the ascomycetes
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Ascospore
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-spore produced within an ascus
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Ascus
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-sack like structure containing the sexual spores of ascomycetes
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Auto
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-prefix meaning self
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Axenic
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-a culture that contains only one species and is free of any other living organism
-pure culture |
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Ballisto
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-prefix meaning throw
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Ballistospore
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-sexual spore formed externally on a basidium
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Basidium
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-structure producing the seual spores of basidiomycetes. 2 major kinds, distinguished by lacking (HOLOBASIDIA) or having (HETEROBASIDIA) septa.
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Basipetal
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-spores produced in a chain where the youngest spore is at the base of the chain
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Bitunicate
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-a type of ascus in which the wall has two functional layers, the inner membrane protrudes through the external membrane during spore release (compare with unitunicate)
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Blastic development
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-formation of a conidium by enlargement/maturation of a newly formed conidiogenous cell, before isolation by a septum. eg: phialides/phialospores
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Blastospore
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-a spore which has been budded off, as in yeast
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Budding
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-a process of multiplication in yeasts or sprores where there is development of a new cell (or spore) from a small outrowth
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Cap
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-the expanded, upper part of the mushroom
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Cap trama
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-interwoven sterile hyphae of a mushroom cap
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Capillitium
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-a mass of sterile fibres found in the interior of many spore bearing structures that appears to have an important function in spore disposal
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Central
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-describing mushrooms
-with stem attched at the centre of the cap |
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Cephalodium
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-a small globose body that contains an alga different from that present in the majority of a lichen thallus
-function is to fix nitrogen -found in upper cortex or medulla |
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Chlamydospore
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-a thick walled spore produced by thallic development. Often pigmented
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Chitin
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-a tough, nitrogen containing polysaccharide forming the cell walls of certain fungi
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Chitridio
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-prefix meaning little pot
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Circinate
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-twisted round, coiled
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Clamp connection
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-in Basidiomycota, a lateral connection between adjacent cells of a hypha
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Cleisto
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-prefix meaning closed
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Cleistothecium
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-a closed, spherical ascoma
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Columella(-ae)
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-a sterile column of hyphae within a spore bearing structure, often extending a supporting stalk. Sterile central axis in a mature fruit body. Typical of zygomycete sporangia
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Coenocytic
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-an organism containing multiple nuclei not separate by cell walls
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Conidium(-ia)
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-asexually formed spore(s); a relatively thin walled asecual spore that is terminal on the conidiophore, and deciduous (falls off) at maturity
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Conidiogenous cells
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-cells that directly produce conidia, such as phialides
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Conidiophore
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-simple or branched hypha (a fertile hypha) bearing conidiogenous cells
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Convex
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-somewhat the shape of a half sphere, regularly rounded on top
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Coprophilous
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-living on shit
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Copulation zone
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-area on a culture plate where sexual fusion occurs
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Cortex
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-the outer layer of any organ or structure
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Corti
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-prefix meaning bark
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Corticolous
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-living on the bark of shrubs and trees
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Crozier
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-a structure with a hooked end
-eg: as in ascomycetes |
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Crustose
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-flat crust like lichen thallus with no lower cortex that adheres closely to the substratum
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Cylindrical
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-having the shape of a cylinder
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Cyphella
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-small aerated opening found on the lower surface of the majority of lichens
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Cystidium
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-a large, sterile cell that grows amoung the basidia often projecting beyond the hymenium
-usually plays a supportive role |
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Decomposer
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-organisms that break down organic material
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Dendroid
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-treelike in form
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Dentate
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-toothed
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Detritus
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-loose natural material resulting from the disintegration of rocks or organisms
-organic garbage |
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Deuteromycete
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-fungi whose life cycle is largely or exclusively asexual, reproducing by conidia
-typically when the secual stage is known, these are then known as ASCOMYCETES |
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Dichotomous
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-divided into 2
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Dikaryotic
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-having pairs of nuclei within cells
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Discharge papilla
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-exit pore for gametes in Allomyces gametangia
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Dung
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-shit
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Eccentric
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-not attached to the center
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Ectoplasm
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-outer gel like layer of cytoplasm that lies immediately beneath the plasma membrane
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Ellipsoid
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-elliptical, with both ends similar (see ovoid)
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Encyst
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-to become dormant and form a protective coating or cst
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Endoparasitic
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-organism that lives inside the body of another organism and benfits from the relationship at the expense of the host
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Endoplasm
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-the inner layer of cytoplasm within which are embedded cell organelles
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Ergot
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-term aplied to the disease of cereals caused by Claviceps spp.
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Eu
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-prefix meaning true
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Facultative parasite
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-an organism that has the ability to live on another living organism, or on dead organic material, depending upon the circumstances
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Fertile
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-able to produce spores
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Fertilization tube
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-a tube that originates from the antheridium aiding in the transfer of the male gametic nucleus
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Filiform
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-threadlike
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Flagellum(whiplash and tinsel)
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-the motile apparatus of oomycetes and chtridiomycetes, containing a microtubular axoneme
-whiplash flagella (Oo & Chytrid) are smooth, and posterior to the direction of zoospore motion -tinsel type flagella (Oo) are covered with mastigonemes and are anterior to the direction of zoospore motion |
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Fleshy
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-rather soft and spongy; often describing mushroom caps
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Foliose
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-type of lichen thallu made up of small leaf like lobes that extend in a circular pattern from a center of growth; possess both upper and lower cortex
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Foot cell
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-hyphal cell that supports a sporogenous cell
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Form genous
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-an artificial taxon given to a group of organisms based on structure or other characteristics when the true taxonomy has not been determined
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Fragile
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-easily broken
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Fruticose
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-a lichen thallus that is attached to the substrate by a single point, develops branches and becomes shrub like
-radially symmetrical surrounded by a cortex |
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Funicular
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-being aggregated into little cords or bundles
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Furcate
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-forked
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Fusiform
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-spindle shaped, narrowing at each end
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Gametangium
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-sexual organ that contains gametes
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Gamy
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-prefix of suffix meaning fusion/union
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Gelatinous
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-the consistency of jelly
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Germ pore
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-special region of the spore from wich germination occurs, often appearing as a circle on the spore wall
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Germ sporangium
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-sporeangium which originates by the germination of an oospore
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Germ tube
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-short hypha that sprouts from the germ pore of a spore during germination
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Gills
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-blade like structures on the underside of mushroom caps in the Agaricales
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Globose
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-spherical or nearly so
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Grex
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-aggregation plasmodium
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Haustorium
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-an absorbant organ that originates from the hypha of a parasitic fungus
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Hetero
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-prefix meaning other
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Heterobasidium
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-septate basidium characteristic of rusts and smuts (the Teliomycetes)
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Heteroecious
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-parasitic fungus that completes part of its life cycle on one host and the other portion on a different species of host
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Heterokaryosis
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-genetically different nuclei associated in the same cell
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Heterokont
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-organisms with flagella of different length
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Heterotroph
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-organism that feeds on organic materials of other plants and animals
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Heteromerous
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-having a layered thallus (lichens)
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Heterothallism
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-self sterility
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Hilum
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-a scar indicating a point of attachment
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Holobasidium
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-basidium typically lacking septa with synchronous spore maturation; characteristic of mushrooms
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Homo
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-prefix meaning same
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Homokaryotic
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-a cell that has genetically similar nuclei
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Homoimerous
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-of a lichen thallus, having the fungal and algal components intermixed throughout
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Homothallism
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-self fertility
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Hyaline
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-devoid of colour
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Hydrophobins
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-molecules that repel water
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Hymenium
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-fertile layer of a sporocarp, for example on ascomata and basidiomata
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Hymenophore
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-part of the fungus on which the hymenium is borne
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Hypertrophy
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-abnormal increase in the size of cells
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Hypha
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-tubular filaments that represent the structural entity in the majority of the fungi
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Hypothallus
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-undifferentiated or marginal hyphal (fungal) outgrowth, in lichens
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Hypothecium
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-thin upper layer of the apothecial tissue on which the asci rest
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Inner veil
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-protective tissue layer covering the gills in mushrooms
-will break at maturity leaving he annulus on the stipe |
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Intercalary
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-between base and apex
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Isidium
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-a microscopic outgrowth formed on the upper surface of the lichen thalli that serves to vegetatively propagate the species
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Isomorphic
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-organs or structures similar in shape
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Karyo
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-prefix meaning nucleus
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Karyogamy
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-fusion of 2 nuclei to form the zygote nucleus
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Lamella(ae)
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-a singl leaf (or leaves) of a gill in mushrooms
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Lignicolous
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-growing on wood
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Lirella
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-linear apothecium of lichens
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Lenticular
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-lens shaped
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Locule
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-a cavity
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Macroconidium(ia)
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-larger, generally more distinctive conidium form for a species that also has microconidia
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Macrocyst
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-a giant cell in whcih zygotes are formed during the life cycle of some slime molds
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Mastigonemes
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-hair like covering on tinsel type flagella
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Mazaedium
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-mucilaginous and powdery mass that appears in the ascocarp of certain ascomycetes; a pin like fruit body of certain lichens
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Medulla
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-internal tissue of an organ, soft or spongy in nature
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Membranous
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-like a membrane; thin and flexible
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Meristem
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-actively dividing cells
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merous
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-suffix meaning part (eg: trimerous means in 3 parts)
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Microconidium(ia)
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-smaller, less distinctive conidium form for a species that also has macroconidia
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Mushroom
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-the reproductive body of certain basidiomycetes; typically consists of cap, stem and gills
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Mutualism
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-'living together' of unlike species to their mutual benefit
-eg: mycorrhizae, lichens |
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Mycelium(ia)
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-a mass of hyphae, with or without septa
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Mycobiont
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-fungal component of a lichen
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Mycoparasite
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-a fungus parasitic on another fungus
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Mycorrhizae
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-symbiotic association between hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of vascular plants
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Myxamoeba
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-the amoeba that results from germination of a spore
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oecious
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-suffix meaning house
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Ontogeny
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-developement
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Oogonium
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-unicellular female sex organ that contains one or several eggs
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Oosphere
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-female gametes formed within the oogonium
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Oospore
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-a spore that results from the fertilization of an oosphere
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Operculum
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-a covering to an open chamber
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Ostiole
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-opening at the top of reproductive structures
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Ovoid
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-like a hens egg, with one end narrower than the other, wide end at the base
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Para
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-prefix meaning beside
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physis
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-suffix meaning growth
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Paraphyses
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-sterile determinate hyphae that separate asci in some ascomata
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Parasexuality
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-a secual reproductive process generating an offspring cel containing genetic material from more than a single parent but without standard meiosis or fertilization
-shitty mitosis -occurs in deutormycetes -3 stages: 1) heterokaryosis; 2)diploidization; 3)haploidization |
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Parasitic
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-living on or within another organism and obtaining nutrients at the expense of that organism (see mutualistic and symbiotic)
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Pendulous
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-hanging down
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Per
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-prefix meaning 'more than'
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Perforate
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-having pores
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Peri
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-prefix meaning around
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Peridiole
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-small round bodies that contain the basidia and basidiospores in Nidulariales
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Peridium
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-a wall that envelopes a fruiting body
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Persistent
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-remaining for a long time
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Perithecium
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-a flasklike ascoma
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Phago
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-prefix meaning to eat
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Phagocytosis
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-uptake of materials into cells by means of infagination of the plasma membrane
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Phagotroph
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-an organism feeding by means of phagocytosis
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Phialide
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-a cell that develops an open end from which a succession of spores are produced, without the phialide increasing in length
-Basipetal spore formation -phialides are typically flask shaped and are characteristic of Penicillium and Aspergillus spp |
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Phototrophic
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-an organism whose nutritional mode of obtaining energy is derived from light to synthesize organic compounds by photosynthesis
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Phycobiont
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-the algal component of a lichen
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Pileus
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-the outer sterile covering of a mushroom cap
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podium
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-suffix meaning foot
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Plasmodium
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-vegetative, multinucleate, motile mass of cytoplasm, lacking cell wall and contained within a single cell membrane, characteristic of myxomycetes (see pseudoplasmodium)
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Plasmogamy
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-fusion of the protoplasts of gametes
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Podetium
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-an erect stem like structure on which apothecia are formed in fruticose lichens
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Pore
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-structure in the tips of some asci, often containing starch
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Pro
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-prefix meaning before
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Progametangium
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-a lateral hyphal branch that differentiates into a gametangium and then later a suspensor of the zygosporangium, in Zygomycota
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Propagule
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-any structure that serves to propagate or vegetatively multiply an organism
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Pseudo
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-prefix meaning false
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Pseudohyphae
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-hyphae like chains of linked yeast cells
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Pseudoplasmodium
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-plasmodium formed by aggregation of amoeboid cells, then behaving as a single entity before sporulation, characteristic of Dictyostelium (compare with plasmodium)
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Pseudothecium
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-an ascostroma bearing asci in unwalled locules
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Pycnidium(a)
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-flask shaped fruiting bodies containing conidia (asexual spores), and resembling a perithecium
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Recurved
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-curved with the outside of the curve expanded (like a sickle, or a new moon)
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Resting spore
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-thick walled spore that requires a period of dormancy before before germination
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Rhizoid
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-a root like structure, a filamentous branch like extension for feeding rather than reproduction
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Rhizomorph
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-a specialized root like structure found in certain fungi
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Sapro
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-prefix meaning rotten
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Saprobic/Saprophytic
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-gaining nutrients from dead, organic material
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Saxi
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-prefix meaning rock
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Saxicolous
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-organism that lives attached to the surface of rocks
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Sclerotium
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-firm, frequently rounded mass of hyphae, lacking spores per se, but functioning for long term survival
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Septum
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-a transverse wall in a cell or a hypha
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Sessile
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-without a stem; attached directly to the substrate
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Setae
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-bristles
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Shuttle streaming
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-periodic reversal of cytoplasmic streaming in plasmodium of slime molds
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Simple
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-opposite of branched
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Somatogamy
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-the fusion of somatic cells during plasmogamy
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Soralium
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-a cortical pustule of various types in the lichen thallus through which the soredia are released to the exterior
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Soredium
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-vegetative propagule of lichens; it consists of minute clusters of algal cells surrounded by fungal hyphae
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Sorocarp
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-sexual reproductive structure in which haploid meiotic spores are formed
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Sorus
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-fruiting structure consisting of a mass of spores and sporangia
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Spermagonium
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-structure in which spermatia are produced
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Spermatiophore
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-specialized hypha that produces spermatia
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Sporangiophore
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-specialized hypha that produces and supports one or more sporangia
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Sporangium
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-large asexual sporogenous structure in oomycetes, chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, containing many sporangiospores
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Sporangiospore
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-non sexual spore produced by rearrangement/packaging of preexisting cytoplasm within a sporangium
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Spore
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-general term for a reproductive structure of fungi, that does not contain an embryo
-in fungi, spores may be single or multicelled |
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Sporocladium(ia)
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-complex of zygomycete sporangia
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Sporodochium(ia)
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-cushion of laterally fused or compacted conidiophores, typical of Fusarium sp.
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Sp(p)
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-abbreviation for species, singular and plural
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Stalked
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-with a stem
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Stellate
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-star shaped
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Sterigma
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-small projection upon which basidiospores are formed
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Stipe
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-stalk of mushroom
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Stolon
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-horizontal hypha that vecomes anchored in the substrate at points of contact
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Stroma
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-fused mass of hyphae appearing as a tissue
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Subtending
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-extending from underneath
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Suspensor
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-a hyphal branch that supports
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Swarm cells
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-motile spores, also known as zoospores
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Symbioses
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-'living together' of unlike species to their mutual benefit
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Teleomorph
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-sexual stage in a fungal life cycle (nonsexual stage is the anamorph)
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Teliospore
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-in rust fungi, a thick walled spore in which karyogamy and meiosis occur
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Telium
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-the structure that produces teliospores
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Terrestrial
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-on the ground
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Terri
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-prefix meaning earth
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Terricolous
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-an organism that lives in the soil
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Thallic developement
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-conidia are derived from a pre existing cell, the fertile hypha
-septa are inserted after growth of the fertile hypha has ceased, and additional wall changes may occur |
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Thallus
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-multicellular vegetative body, typically mycelial, and typically non motile
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thecium
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-suffix meaning case
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Tinsel flagella
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-flagellum that bears small filaments (MASTIGONEMES) extending from its main axis
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Trama
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-the inner sterile tissue of the cap or gill
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Trichogyne
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-a receptive protuberance of the female gametangium for the conveyance of spermatia (Rhodophyta) or male nuclei (Ascomycota)
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Umbilicus
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-structure for attachment of thallus in certain lichens
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Unitunicate
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-asci with a single membrane layer, sometimes with a pore structure or operculum (lid)
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Universal veil
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-covering that surrounds the basidocarp
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Urediniospore
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-in rust fungi, a reddish, binucleate spore
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Uredinium
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-the structure that produces urediniospores
-the pustule |
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Viscid
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-slimy
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Volva
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-remnant structure of the universal veil
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Whiplash flagella
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-smooth flagellum
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Whorl
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-a ring, one turn of a spiral
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Zygophore
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-hyphal branch that gives rise to a progametangium
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Zoospore
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-a motile spore
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Zoosporangium
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-a sporangium bearing zoospores
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Zygo
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-prefix meaning yoke; a paired structure
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Zygospore
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-thick walled resting spore characteristic of Zygomycetes
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