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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is superficial mycoses?
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Fungal infection of the hair, skin and nails
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What is tinea?
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Skin mycoses
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What is a keratolytic agent?
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A treatment that softens the keratin layer of the skin causing it to slough. Goal is to slough off the fungus.
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What is a dermatophyte?
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Chronic mycoses of keratinized tissue, namely the hair, skin and nails.
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What is an "id" reaction?
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Hypersensitivity reaction to repeated fungal infections. Appear as small round sterile and itchy vesicles on palms. Associated with athletes foots.
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What is griseofulvin?
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An antifugal medication derived from a penicellin species. It works by inhibiting microtubule formation and mitosis.
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What is the KOH mount?
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Scraping from the skin at the erythematous border of a ring lesion are treated with KOH to digest the skin cells so fungal cells can be visualized. Need to confirm septa and branching to prove fungal infections.
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What technique is used to establish the presumptive diagnosis of a superficial mycosis?
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Direct exam with 10% KOH. No cultures.
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Define anthropophilic.
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Human to human spread of infection.
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Define geophilic.
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Organisms that live in the soil
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Define zoophilic.
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Organisms that live on animal hosts.
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What is Rose gardener's disease?
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Sporotrichosis.
A chronic mycosis. Cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue and adjacent lymphatics that suppurates, ulcerates and drains. |
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What is dematiacous yeast?
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Dark colored yeast or black mold
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What is the etiologic agent of sporotrichosis?
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Sporothrix schenckii
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What are the clinical forms of sporotrichosis?
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1. lymphocutaneous: hard movable nodule that spreads to lymphatics.
2. fixed cutaneous: no lymphatic spread. 3. mucocutaneous: usually secondary 4. extracutaneous or disseminated: chronic untreated infections, bone lesions, periosteum, synovium. 5. pulmonary: Primary. Chronic cavitary disease. Infection to regional nodes. |
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What is valley fever?
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Disease caused by coccidiodes immitis
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What is erythema multiforme?
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Circinate or irregular with raised borders. Lesions above thigh.
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What is a spherule?
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Unique to coccidiomycosis. A small sphere with endospores inside.
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What is subclinical infection?
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Infections that are asymptomatic
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What is coccidioidin?
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Part of the antigenic structure of coccidioidomycosis that is used in skin tests.
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What is a saprophyte?
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Organism that lives on dead tissue
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What is a spherulin?
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part of the coccidioidomycosis antigenic structure. Used in vaccine trials.
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What is erythema nodosum?
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Crops of red, raised, pruritic nodules on anterior tibial areas.
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Where is coccidioidomycosis found?
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Southwest America
Lower sonoran life zone |
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Describe the etiology and how valley fever is acquired.
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Coccidiodes immitis.
Anthroconidia spores are inhaled and phagocytized by alveolar macrophages. The spores convert to spherules with endospores which rupture. Wind can spread spores everywhere in southwest. |
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Describe the saprophytic cycle of C. immitis.
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Mold grows in the soil and breaks off spores when the rain comes. It is inhaled by people and matures to spherules at higher body temperatures.
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Describe the various clinical manifestations of valley fever.
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Primary pulmonary: fever, malaise, dry cough, anorexia chest pain, night sweats. Develop cutaneous lesions from dissemination. Some develop toxic erythema (multiform or nodosa).
Secondary can be chronic or progressive. Progressive could occur early or late. |
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How is valley fever diagnosed?
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Serology is the standard.
Agar gel immunodiffusion Complement fixation Latex particle agglutination ELISA |
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Identify other infectious diseases whose clinical manifestations can mimic those of coccidioidomycoses.
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TB
histoplasmosis blastomycoses |
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Describe the course of coccidiodomycosis in different human races.
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Darks: more prone to develop severe disease
Whites: mild disease, usually don't get treatment |
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Identify the various approaches to coccidiodomycoses therapy.
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1. Usually supportive: rest and fluid. (Whites)
2. Amphotericin B for severe infections. |
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Describe immunity to C. immitis.
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Lifelong. Not inherent.
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What is histoplasmosis?
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The disease caused by histoplasma capsulatum (not encapsulated)
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What is cavitary histoplasmosis?
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benign non-disseminated infection, mimics cavitary TB with productive cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and respiratory distress. Seen in older people with undulant cycle.
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What is a giemsa stain?
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used with wright stain for identification of histoplasmosis
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Describe histoplasma replication.
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Has intracellular yeast replication
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What migratory birds carry histoplasma?
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Starlings
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Identify the etiology of histoplasmosis and describe where it is found.
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Histoplasma capsulatum
Found in Ohio and upper Mississippi Valley |
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Why is histoplasmosis sometimes referred to as Spelunker's Disease"?
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Because the fungus is found in bat and bird shit found in caves. First sick people were spelunkers.
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Describe the typical clinical course of histoplasmosis.
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70-90% of cases the pt is asymptomatic.
Microconidia are inhaled and germinate into budding yeasts. In lungs or disseminated. local/benign infections can be acute or cavitary benign. Disseminated can be acute or chronic. |
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Describe the histoplasmin skin test and why it is diagnostic and prognostic?
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Positive result shows infection, in overwhelming infection could be negative due to debilitate immune response--this is bad prognostically.
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With respect to the parasitic cycle, H. capsulatum is unique among the mycotic pathogens. Why?
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It has microconidiaspores and microaleuriospores and tuberculate chlamydospores in the saprophytic phase.
As a yeast, it is intracellular with narrow based budding. |
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How is the diagnosis of histoplasmosis established?
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Established with direct exam and confirmed with serology
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How is histoplasmosis acquired?
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Inhalation of spores from bird and bat droppings.
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