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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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septum/septa |
division walls in hyphae between cells (porouspartitions allowing passage of cytoplasm, organelles and nuclei between cells) |
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hyphae |
filamentous branching structure that makes up mycelium of a fungus and gathers nutrients from surrounding environment |
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dikaryon |
Higher fungi: can fuse hyphae and exchange nuclei n+n in dikaryon phase |
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hymenium |
fertiletissue layer (asci + sterile elements) of ascocarp |
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Difference between passive and active spore dispersal |
passive:sporesproduced internally and are released passively (water, wind, animals) active: catapult |
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Spore dispersal mechanisms/structures
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paired nuclei fuse -> forms zygote -> undergoes meiosis -> 4 haploid basidiospores
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Anamorph vs. Teleomorph vs. holomorph |
Anamorph: asexual reproduction phase -> mitotic spores Telomorph: sexual reproduction phase -> meiospores thewhole organism and all its morphs (sexual and asexual) |
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Types of Basidium |
-Holobasidium -Phragmobasidium -Tremelloid Phragmobasidium -Tuning fork holobasidium |
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Clamp connections |
-way to ensure way to move nuclei -> 2 nuclei per cell -can exchange genes very quickly |
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Stipe, lamellae, pileus |
Stipe = stem Lamellae = gills
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What are the major recognizable groups of basidiomycota? |
Agaricomycotina Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina boletes gilled mushrooms polypores puffballs rusts smuts stinkhorns |
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What are some of the ecological roles of the Basidiomycota |
Rusts/smuts cause billions$ of damage to grains/crops. Some basidiomycetes = edible |
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Why are Fungi in a separate phylum? |
Filamentous structure Reproduction by spores Absorptive heterotrophic nutrition |
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Unitunicate vs. Bitunicate and Prototunicate |
Unitunicate: one wall Bitunicate: double wall, outer wall stays in place during dispersal Prototunicate: roughly spherical, thin wall -> ruptures to release spores |
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Operculate vs. Inoperculate |
operculum no operculum |
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Ascoma types |
-perithecium -cleistothecium -apothecium -pseudothecium |
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Woronin body |
can plug pores associated with septal pores |
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Spore dispersal of Zygomycota |
pilobolus: pressure builds up in subsporangial vesicle -> propells |
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Homothallism vs. Heterothallism |
homo-self fertilization hetero- + and - mating types -> produce pheromones -> converted into Trisporic acid by opposite mating type |
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Stolon |
connects two groups of rhizoids |
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Sporangiophore |
develops into a germ sporangium -> produces spores |
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zygospore |
thick walled resting spores
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Holocarpic vs. eucarpic |
holo - within cell eu-on cell surface |
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Monocentric vs. polycentric |
mono: one zoosporangia poly: multiple |
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Zoospore |
cell membrane - cholesterol = dominant sterol (no ergosterol) flagella usually haploid |
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rhizoid |
absorptive/adhesive vegetative growth holding onto substrate |
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operculum |
lid-like cap on zoosporangium or over papilla |
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What relates fungi? What distinguishes them? |
spore producing store energy as glycogen chitin heterotrophic eukaryotes |
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Why are fungi hard to identify? |
Many factors to understand -environment -morphology at during phases in lifecycle -some are poisonous - have look-alikes |
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Fungus description |
Cantherellus cibarius |
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How do we collect and preserve fungi? |
-paper bags -dehydrator -spore print -pictures when fresh/in environment |
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What are the roles of fungi in Beermaking and Winemaking? |
Yeastsbreak down sugars in grape juices and water/malt to produce ethanol and CO2 -ferment -givealcoholic beverages their flavour -sulfitesare added to wine to kill other wild yeasts and bacteria (wipe out competition) -somefungi/molds grow on vines can spread and be detrimental |
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Important mycotoxins |
-ergotisms -aflatoxins -fumonisins -stachybotrys chartarum |
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Journal 1 |
P.infestans -> cause blight in nightshade family Why? Important findings |
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Journal 2 |
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce the decomposition of woody plant litter Why? Important findings: |
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Journal 3 |
Fungal microbiota dynamis as a post-mortem investigation tool Why? Important findings: |
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Zygomycota sexual reproduction |
zygophores -> attracted to eachother by pheromones of opposite mating type -> fuse in pairs at tips (fusion septum) ->tips swell -> form progametangia -> gametangial septum forms near tips of progametangia |
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trichospores |
asexual spores of zygomycetes |
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zoosporangium |
cell wall -> chitin swelling of thallus -> increased cytoplasm/nuclear material -undergoes multiple rounds of mitosis at maturity -> individual zoospores cleave |
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rhizomycelium |
aggregations of hyphal branches -> fertile regions at various points |
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ecological impacts |
-detritivores -feed on organic matter -symbionts or parasites -feed by secreting enzymes -store food as glycogen |
