Mycology Lecture 1

Front 1

What is the ratio of fungi to plant species?

Back 1

6:1

Front 2

What percentage of species of fungi have been identified so far?

Back 2

6%

Front 3

Based on the 6:1 ratio how many fungi species are there?

Back 3

Well over 1million

Front 4

What is the ratio of fungi to plants in the tropics?

Back 4

33:1

Front 5

How many species of fungi are in the tropics?

Back 5

5-15million

Front 6

Which group of organisms has the largest biomass in the soil?

Back 6

Fungi(like 90%)

Front 7

What was the largest land organism that ruled the world 400 to 350 mya when plants were one metre tall at most?

Back 7

A fungus that was 7meters tall

Front 8

Earth is 4.5billion years old.

First life showed up 3.5 billion years ago, which are single-celled prokaryotic organisms.

3.8 billion earth/moon complex subject to asteroid storms/impacts allowed sufficient energy to resterized earth.

Bacteria started to rule 3.5billion years ago.

Back 8

Earth is 4.5billion years old.First life showed up 3.5 billion years ago, which are single-celled prokaryotic organisms.3.8 billion earth/moon complex subject to asteroid storms/impacts allowed sufficient energy to resterized earth.Bacteria started to rule 3.5billion years ago.

Front 9

When did single-celled Eukaryotic cells(protists) begin to evolve?

Back 9

About 2 billion years ago

Front 10

How long did they rule and evolve for?

Back 10

the next 1 billion years

Front 11

When did the three dominate kingdoms begin to seperate from their common ancestor?

Back 11

1 billion years ago

Front 12

How do we know that the 3 kingdoms started to separate from their common ancestor about 1 billion years ago?

Back 12

Based on molecular studies of DNA, RNA, and proteins

Front 13

What out of the 3 Kingdoms first evolved?

Back 13

The plant kingdom

Front 14

When the plants evolved first what did they leave behind?

Back 14

An animal/fungi complex for the next 200years

Front 15

When did animals and fungi separate?

Back 15

About 800 million years ago

Front 16

When did fossils first appear in rocks?

Back 16

650 million years ago

Front 17

When did fossils of fungi(spores) appear?

Back 17

570 million years ago, these fungal groups are the same ones we see today. Plants, fungis, and animals formed associations as they evolved from one another

Front 18

When did the invasion of land by plants happen?

Back 18

430 million years ago

Front 19

What helped plants invade land?

Back 19

fungi

Front 20

What kind of fungi help plants invade land?

Back 20

lichens and mycorrhizae

Front 21

When did mushroom fungi(agarics=type of fungal fruiting body) evolve?

Back 21

about 200 million years ago

Front 22

Mushroom fungi are the same as todays species, were around before when the dinosaurs and mammals evolved, survived the demise of the dinosaurs, and will likely survive future cataclysmic events as well.

Back 22

s

Front 23

What distinguishes the three domains ?

Back 23

Plants: autotrophs; cell walls with cellulose, produce their own energy

Animals: heterotrophs; food ingested, usually no cell wallls, chitin in carapaces of some animals

Fungi: food digested outside of cells; chitin in walls of "tubes" called hyphae

Front 24

The three big domains?

Back 24

Bacteria, Arachea, Eukarya

Front 25

What consists of the domain bacteria and archaea?

Back 25

Bacteria: Gram positive bacteria, Purple bacteria, Cyanobacteria

Archaea: Extreme thermophiles, methanogens, halophiles

Front 26

What consists of the domain eukarya?

Back 26

abunch of kingdoms such as excavata, discristata, alveolata...etc.

Front 27

Back 27

s

Front 28

What makes a fungus a fungus?

Back 28

Growth habit: Hyphal normally, grow at tip

Nutrition: Heterotrophic; absorptive

Cell wall: Chitin

Nuclei: Haploid, membrane persists during cell division, no centrioles

Golgi apparatus: Tubular, not stacked

Mitochondria: plate or disc-like

Storage compounds: Glycogen, lipids, trehalose

Sterol: Ergosterol

Front 29

Fungi: Made for distribution

Vast numbers of spores for landing increase chances of landing in appropriate place and this costs little energy

Back 29

s

Front 30

Fungi: Made for invasion of Food source

Back 30

Mycelia - plural

Hyphae - plural

In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium . Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

Front 31

hypha are?

Back 31

a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus

Front 32

Fungi screwed over by two historical events, what are they?

Back 32

Food collection and plant pathology

Front 33

Mycologists are mostly part of the Botany departments even though they are closer to animals.

Back 33

s

Front 34

What is the largest and oldest organisms?

Back 34

Armillaria ostoyae(sounds like Armadillo oyster), Honey mushroom. 150tonnes, 900hectares, 2400years old.

Front 35

What organism is larger than the honey mushroom?

Back 35

Populus tremuloides: 7800tonnes , this is a tree

Front 36

What is systematics?

Back 36

systematics is the study of evolutionary relationships between different organisms using all the techniques available such as: anatomy, development, structure, morphology, molecular and then interpreting the data

Front 37

What is taxonomy?

Back 37

the naming of organisms(nomenclature) and filing the names into categories called taxons

Front 38

Just like organisms, taxonomic classifications just keep on evolving.

Back 38

s

Front 39

What is traditional fungal systematics/classifcation strictly based on?

Back 39

Morphology.

Front 40

Fungal taxonomy lack studies that are behind animal taxonomy which are based on development, cytological and molecular studies.

Back 40

Dr. Mary Berbee at UBC

Dr. Cavalier-Smith at Cambridge(5 Years at UBC Botany Department)

Front 41

Who is the father of Mycology?

Back 41

Elias Fries, early 1800's

Front 42

What did Elias Fries based fungal taxonomy on?

Back 42

Shape, not development. This is the guiding light for academics until 1960's; still for many naturalists(Mushrooms of North America)

Front 43

Fries' classification:

Umbrella-shaped cap with plates?

Umbrella-shaped cap with pores?

Umbrella-shaped with teeth or spines hanging down?

Club-shaped?

Coral-like?

Enclosed as if in a stomach?

Back 43

Fries' classification:

Umbrella-shaped cap with plates? Agarics

Umbrella-shaped cap with pores? Polypores, also includes Boletes, and Bracket Fungi

Umbrella-shaped with teeth or spines hanging down?

Club-shaped? Clavarioids

Coral-like? Coralloids

Enclosed as if in a stomach? Gasteroids

Fries classification was simple, but inaccurate his naming was similar to saying things that fly = birds

Front 44

Why did Friesian's naming system begin to fall apart in the 1960's?

Back 44

-Comparisons using modern techniques of microscopes, protein analysis, and genetic analysis.

Front 45

Evolutionary success is dependent on successful?

Back 45

reproductive strategies

Front 46

Why is the basic shape of a mushroom an umbrella?

Back 46

To protect the spores from the rain

Front 47

What is the strategy of the umbrella to increase reproductive success?

Back 47

-Maximize spore production by being perennial(live more than two years, ex. bracket fungi) need to be strong, and resistant to weather

-Expand spore production through greater surface areas and increase chance of survival

-Plate(gill) pattern has repeatedly evolved in order to most efficiently expand spore surface area

Front 48

What are gills of a mushroom?

Back 48

The downward extensions of a cap.

Oyster and Shiitake mushrooms are closely related to polypores and not agarics through convergent evolution. They have different ways of constructing their gills.

Front 49

Examples of Ephemeral(means lasting for a very little time) mushrooms are?

Back 49

LBM's(little brown mushrooms)

-They are usually small and delicate

-They usually expend very little energy

-Stinkhorns: expand quickly, has certain shapes, colors, smells to attract insects, not wind dispersed

-Truffles: have chemicals similar to male sex hormone of pigs

Front 50

As the mushroom cap expands so does the gill.

Back 50

To hold the number of cells constant; inflate with fluid.

To increase number of cells; keep cell size constant.

Both styles use occur

Fruiting body structure less useful for taxonomic purposes now, many variants in shape from same species have been induced in lab.

Front 51

A typical agaric fungus can, if the environment is too dry or if the temperature is too high produce viable spores where?

Back 51

On a coralloid-like or gasteroid-like fruiting body

Front 52

Why are there different variants of fruiting bodies?

Back 52

It allows fungi to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions

Front 53

Fungi only have dedicated cells at one location in fungal development and it is to make what?

Back 53

Spores. All other fungal cells can revert to 'stem' cell capability.

Front 54

slides 39-53 pics of fungi

Back 54

slides 39-53 pics of fungi

Front 55

There have been some Taxonomic changes.

Back 55

Phylum eumycota(gone)= kingdom fungi

Class Ascomycetes

-Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota

Class basidiomycetes

-Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Basidiomycota

Class Gasteromycetes

-Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Basidiomycota

Class Deuteromycetes

-Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Basidiomycota

Front 56

In this course 'Fungus' means everything that has been traditionally called fungi.

'Fungus' means those organisms with cell walls with chitin; exoenzymes; sexual and asexual spores; haploid or diploid cells or hyphae

Back 56

s

Front 57

What consists of the Kingdom Amoebozoa('protists')

Back 57

Slime moulds

Front 58

Phylum Myxomycota?

Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota?

Back 58

Cellular and plasmodial slime moulds.

Obligate parasites of plants.

Front 59

Kingdom stramenopila consists of?

Back 59

Water moulds which is based on zoospore similarity. Phylum oomycota, and hyphochytridiomycota

Front 60

Domain Eukarya

-Kingdom Fungi

Phylum Microsporidia

Phylum Chytridiomycota

Phylum Zygomycota

Phylum Glomeromycota

Phylum Ascomycota

Phylum Basidiomycota

Back 60

Phylum Microsporidia? (parasitic in animal stomachs)

Phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

Phylum Zygomycota (bread moulds)

Phylum Glomeromycota (arbuscular fungi) Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)

Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Front 61

Why are oomycota, the water moulds not considered true fungi?

Back 61

They have:

-Hyphal units like fungi, but much larger in cross section

-Cell walls with cellulose, not chitin

-Diploid(unlike fungi)

-Have antheridia and archegonia

-Their secondary zoospores have two lateral flagella; chytrids have one posterior

Front 62

Why are oomycota the water moulds considered fungi?

Back 62

-Have hyphal units like fungi,

-they secrete exoenzymes

Front 63

What do oomycota the water moulds look like with the naked eye?

Back 63

Fuzz, aquatic, fuzz on insect and fish bodies floating in ponds

Front 64

What happens to oomycota that swim for awhile?

Back 64

The primary zoospores swim for awhile then withdraw their flagella. They encyst(become enclosed in a cyst) for a few hours. They then re-emergy as bean-shaped zoospores(can tell primary from secondary). Secondary zoospores can encyst several times until the right conditions exist. Zoospores eventually produce hyphae.

Front 65

Back 65

Front 66

oomycetes zoospore:

Back 66

s

Front 67

Back 67

s

Front 68

Plasmoidal Slime Moulds:

Known from the 1650's, best known of the slime moulds. Life history of them are complicated: They are :

Back 68

- Single celled

- Single nucleated

- Haploid amoeboid cells feed and reproduce by binary fission

- Eventually two 1N cells fuse and begin to reproduce in a coenocytic mass of cytoplasm called a plasmodium

-Cell and plasmodial stages feed on bacteria primarily

Front 69

Slime mould life cycle

Back 69

s

Front 70

Back 70

Septate HyphaeSeptate hyphae have dividers between the cells, called septa (singular septum). The septa have openings called pores between the cells, to allow the flow of cytoplasm and nutrients throughout the mycelium. Although the septa separate the cells, in some hyphae the cellular components, including the nucleus, can fit through the pores. When new cells bud at the apex of the hypha, a septum does not form immediately. As the new cell matures, the cell wall grows down into the cytoplasm, forming the septum. Members of the classes Basiodiomycetes and Ascomycetes form septate hyphae.

Front 71

Non-Septate HyphaeNon-septate hyphae, also known as aseptate or coenocytic hyphae, form one long cell with many nuclei. They are the more primitive form of hyphae; species with septate hyphae diverged from a common ancestor with coenocytic hyphae. Most fungi with coenocytic hyphae belong to the class Zygomycetes. While they do not form septa between nuclei, they do form a septum at branch points that connect one filament to another, preventing the entire network from being compromised if one hypha is injured.

Back 71

s

Front 72

Plasmodial Slime Moulds

When a food source runs out, they can form a crust over the entire plasmodium called a Sclerotium.

-This stage is reversible

-Eventually form sporangia from the plasmodial body

-Four types:

-Distinct sporangia: stalked or stalkless; resemblance to mushrooms

Sporangia fused together; form cushion: aethalium(-a)

-Sporangia closely crowded together, but not fused: pseudoaethalium

- Plasmodiocarp: raised veins of plasmodium become sporangia

Back 72

s

Front 73

Plasmodial Slime Moulds

-No plasmodial slime moulds are poisonous

-Food source for beetles; extremely small beetles since burrow into fruiting; entry holes only evidence

-Beetles get dusted in process

-Slime moulds also attack other fungi

Back 73

s

Front 74

73-81

Back 74

s