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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bronze Age on the Mainland |
•Thearrival of the Greeks–Lerna–Kolonna•Increasedsocial stratification and complexity.–Kolonna–Cistand Shaft Grave•Burialsand prestige goods (Mycenae)•TholosTombs•Palacesat Pylos and Tiryns •Whatthe Palaces Reflect in Bronze Age Society–Mycenae– |
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When the Greeks Arrive in the Aegean? |
•SinceGreeks adopted native Aegean names for copper, tin and bronze, they must havestarted to migrate into the region after bronze became widespread in the area.–AfterEH II•Thereis destruction of numerous settlements at the end of EH II, including thesettlement of Lerna |
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Lerna, LH II |
•Located in the Argolid •The settlement was surrounded by a double ring of defensive walls with gates and towers. •At the center of the settlement was a large two story house, which had stairways on the long sides. –The roof was covered in roof tiles so it was called the “House of the Tiles”. –Perhaps this was a ruler’s dwelling. |
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Lerna, EH III |
•In late EH II the settlement was destroyed. •In the new phase the house of the tiles was covered with a mound and surrounded it with stones. •2-3 room apsidal houses were built in the open settlement. •The inhabitants used a potter’s wheel to make their pottery. •This new phase may be by Greek settlers, since Hittites, Indo-European speakers, appear in Asia Minor at roughly the same time. |
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Early Helladic Kolonna |
•Locatedon the Island of Aegina•Thesettlement prospered.–Goodharbour,defensible island, access to copper and silver mines on the mainland, importedand imitated Minoan pottery.•InEH II it had a “corridor” style house, like that of Lernaandthe settlement was fortified.•Itwas destroyed at the beginning of EH III too.•• |
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Kolonna EHIII – MH II |
•When the inhabitants (Myrmidones?) built houses, they were not isolated units, but had shared walls. –This means there must have been basic cooperation between families. •The settlement had streets and a large fortification wall. •Prosperous- gold jewelry and imported ceramics from around the Aegean. •By MH II the settlement expanded into the lower town which was surrounded by a wall. –Existing houses in the upper town were combine to make a larger dwelling. •Strong central authority? |
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Grey Minyan Ware, MH |
•Burnishedand fired to a silvery grey.•Craftsmenlater made them on a potter’s wheel.•Theshapes, with the clear articulation of each element, such as the lip, rim,stand, foot, etc., suggests that these vessels were made to imitate metalwares. |
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Middle Helladic III |
•In addition, in the Middle Helladic there seems to be an emergence of centralized political institutions- i.e.- ruling elite. •Society starts to become increasingly stratified. –Emergence of a warrior class. •Fortified regional centers develop. • |
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Shaft Grave Era, MH III – LH I |
•Cist grave- stone-lined pit graves- became popular in Greece during MH. •A Shaft Grave is a more elaborate cist grave. •The earliest was found just inside the gate of the outer city wall of Kolonna. –The deceased was likely a warrior –What he represents with regards to the society of Kolonna is unknown. |
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Mycenaean Shaft Graves |
•Mycenaeanshaft graves are large, more solidly built, deep and covered by stone or woodroof.•Manyshaft graves were used several times.•Oftenan upright slab of stone marked the grave site.•Two“grave circles” at Mycenae which contained shaftgraves, A and B. |
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Grave Circle B |
•Theolder of the two was used from MH III to LH IA.•Therewere ten early cist graves and then fourteen were gradually added withincreasing elaboration. |
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Grave Circle A |
•Graves held nine women, eight men and one child. •Large amount of differentiation between grave gifts of men and women. –Jewelry and personal adornment not limited to women. –Pins tend to accompany women, while weapons accompany men. •There are few ceramic pots- numerous metal ones, many of which were imported from places like Crete and the Cyclades, but even possibly Egypt. •Most are from LH IB (same period as burial 4 of grave Gamma from Grave Circle A). • |
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Manufacture and Exchange of Prestige Goods. |
•Items made from silver are more technically accomplished than those of gold. –Silver items must have been made by Cretan craftsmen. –Gold is more familiar to the mainlanders- more gold found in the grave circles than all of Crete before LM III. •Exchange between elites of different locales important in social interactions. –The Mycenaeans were imbedded in this and adopted goods and imagery of prestige found in other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. |
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Tholos Tomb |
•Usedin Messenia, which had connections with Crete, via a possible Minoan outpost onKythera.•Messeniantholos tombs were built into a hillside and buried.•Useda method called “corbel vaulting” to line the pit. •Couldbe used for many years.•Enabledelites and communities to display their wealth and power.•Notonly locally, but regionally, as well.•ByLH IIA the elites of Mycenae switched to using Tholos tombs.•Tholostombs were made in this time period as far north as southern Thessaly by LH II.•Fewelitescould afford to dedicate so much wealth to constructing these tombs. |
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Chamber Tombs |
•Construction of Tholos Thombs tapered off in LH II- few elites could afford to build such lavish structures. •They built chamber tombs. •Built into hills. •Smaller investment, but the burials could still be lavish. |
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Early Palaces |
•In LH IIB and LH IIIA the Greeks began to build large centers for administration, manufacturing and residence for a ruler. •The center of the palace was the “megaron,” which consisted of a large rectangular room with a circular hearth in the center. •Often there was a vestibule in front of this, then a porch, a courtyard and even further rooms. –Hierarchy of rooms- function and symbolic of the ruler’s power. • |
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Palaces |
•Surrounding the megaron might be corridors and rooms, in which there could be workshops or storerooms. •Other courtyards existed and these to were surrounded by buildings and rooms dedicated to certain functions. •Ceremonies were probably staged in the courtyards. •Other places in the palaces were zoned according to their function. |
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Palace Society |
•Palace centers emerged in LH IIIA after increased centralization of power, stratification of society and the shift from competitions within the region to between regions. •Linear B tablets indicate a hierarchy at the top of which was a king, or wanax. Below him were officials and priests and a warrior class. – |
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Palace Economy |
•Just as on Crete, palaces were nodes for the collection, processing and distribution of raw materials and produce. –Increased specialization in agricultural and craft production. –Tablets from Pylos indicate that there were contingents of female textile workers from the eastern Mediterranean working at the palace. •The main exports seem to have included textiles and perfumed oil. –Perfume was transported in stirrup jars |
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crete |
•Palace society collapsed at the end of LM IB. –Most inhabited sites on the island and all of the palaces except that of Knossos were destroyed. •Change in material culture. –Decline in the number and quality of stone goods. –So-called warrior graves appear (LM II – IIIA), which contain Mycenaean weaponry, pottery and metal ware, as well as rich jewelry. –Shaft graves and tholos tombs also appear –Mycenaean style houses, made of rubble walls add central hearts. –Large megarons at Aghia Triada and Phylakopi on Melos –Linear B appears at Knossos- new language |
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Palace Style Pottery, Knossos |
•Still have vegetal and marine imagery, but the figures are arranged in symmetrical patterns and broken down into separate elements. •The figures are confined to broad friezes and horizontal bands mark off the main parts of the vase, which clearly articulated. |
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LH IIIB |
•Demand for Eastern luxury goods hits an all time high. •Masonry and building styles seem to be loosely inspired by fortifications from Hattusa, capital of the Hittites. •Many Mycenaean centers were un-walled, but the citadels of places such as Mycenae Tiryns and Athens were fortified. –Practical, but also symbolic of regal and regional power. – • • |
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Mycenae Palace |
•In LH IIIA (c. 1300BC) first cyclopean walls •Walls were extended in LH IIIB (c. 1250BC) to include Grave Circle A. –At this point the grave circle had not been used for 250 years. –It was monumentalized. •The Lion Gate was built at this time. |
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Palace Religion |
•Mycenaeandeities embodied the authority behind the centrally planned, bureaucraticallyadministered economy.•Redistributionof goods to smaller settlements took the form of offerings, or “gifts” send todeities in the hinterland.•Godsreceived animal sacrifice and also consignments of wheat, oil, manufacturedgoods and even slaves.•Nolarge monumental buildings dedicated to the gods. |
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What the Hittites Can Tell Us |
•Their texts mention the Achiyawa, who lived in the far West over a body of water. •Likely these are the Akhaioi or Akhaians, the word Homer uses to describe the Greek side of the Trojan war. •One of the texts mentions that the ruler of Achiyawa, who was one of the four other rulers who had a similar amount of power to the Hittite ruler. •This king was understood to have controlled Melitus (Millawanda) on the coast of Asia Minor. •If there was such a king, he probably ruled from Thebes or Mycenae. • |
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What the Hittites Can Tell Us- Trojan War |
•The Achiyawa and the Hittites were generally friendly, but the Hittites did seem to have a problem with Greek raiding. •The Hittite texts mention “Wilusa” (Ilios- probably the name for the walled settlement of Troy). –At some point it was a vassal state of the Hittites after the break up of “Arzawa,” ca. 1320 BC –In one instance, ca. 1280 the Hittite king Muwatalli II signed an agreement with Alaksandus (Alexander? = Paris). –In another text dated to ca. 1250, the Hittite King mentions the Achiyawa in connection with a past conflict over Wilusa or perhaps because a bandit Piyamaradu has raided Wilusa.- in this text (tawagalawa (Eteocles?), the brother of the king of the Achiyawa, is mentioned) –A raid on Lesbos (Lazpa), from which the “Sariputu” were taken and a raid from Miletus on the interior of Asia Minor by Piyamaradu |
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Troy VI (1700-1300BC) |
•Was an important capital and trading center at the beginning of the 13th c. •Had a heavily fortified citadel and a substantial lower town, as well as a large residence, presumably for the ruler. •Settlement was around 200,000 m2 •The lower city had a defensive ditch dug in the front of it. •An earth quake damaged the city. |
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Troy VIIA (ca. 1300-1200) |
•Theheavily destroyed city was rebuilt and people settled densely in the citadelarea and eventually outside of it too.•Thefortifications continued to be used and were repaired.•ThisTroy was destroyed by an attack.- some evidence of charcoal and weapons invarious places.•ToryVIIb(ca. 1200-1100)- small scale construction immediately inside and outside thecitadel.–Somecontinuation of material culture, but there may have been settlers from theBalkans area. |
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The Historicity of the Trojan War |
•Must understand folk tale motifs and myth development. –Paris and Achilles (Prostesilaos and Philoktetes) •Understand the historical and cultural(textual and archaeological evidence) context in the period that the events reportedly happened, the time where the story took form and the time in between. • • |
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Fall and Collapse of the Palaces |
•Itseems that by the final decades of the 13thc., the palaces were being prepared for war.•Severalpalatial sites had protective cisterns.•Fortifications,such as those at Mycenae and Tiryns were strengthened.•Thebeswas sacked- probably caused by fighting between the palaces. |
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Destruction of the Palaces |
•Bythe end of the 13thc. (LH IIIB) nearly all Mycenaean citadels were burnt, sacked and destroyed-except Athens.•Thepalatial system never returned.•Archaeologistsdo not know who caused the destruction.- Dorians?•Otherkingdoms in the Eastern Mediterranean also collapsed- The Hittite Empire,Babylon, Levant region and Egypt was attacked.–Probablyno one cause |
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Mycenaean Sea Peoples |
•Probably part of the migration. •Egyptian texts refer to the “Denyen,”- possibly the Danaans mentioned by Homer as a name for the Greeks. •Egyptian pictures seem to show warrior wearing horned helmets. •Philistines seem to have been from Mycenaean Greece- material culture and reference in Jeremiah 47: 4, mentioning them as the remnant of Crete |
