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My Vocab

by As_Ahmed1, Jul. 2022

Subjects: Everything

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Upheaval	A violent or sudden change or disruption to something	Financial Terms
Hi	Hello
Yup	Saying yes
pandering	قواد
Prosperity	N-UNCOUNT Prosperity is a condition in which a person or community is doing well financially
Perishing	ADJ (of weather, etc) extremely cold perish /perish/1pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life They children perished in the fire ; Synonyms：die / decease / go / exit / pass away / expire / pass / kick the bucket / cash in one's chips / buy the farm / conk / give-up the ghost / drop dead / pop off / choke / croak / snuff it
Prosper	V-I If people or businesses prosper, they are successful and do well. His business continued to prosper.
Holistic	holistic /holistic/1emphasizing the organic or functional relation between parts and the whole ADJ Holistic means based on the principles of holism. ...practitioners of holistic medicine.
Beacon	beacon /beacon/1a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance Synonyms：beacon fire2a radio station that broadcasts a directional signal for navigational purposes Synonyms：radio beacon3a tower with a light that gives warning of shoals to passing ships Synonyms：lighthouse / beacon light / pharos1shine like a beacon2guide with a beacon N-COUNT A beacon is a light or a fire, usually on a hill or tower, that acts as a signal or a warning. ...a huge office tower with aircraft warning beacons on the roof. 2 N-COUNT If someone acts as a beacon to other people, they inspire or encourage them. She is a beacon of hope for women navigating the darkest passage of their lives.
Applaud	V-T/V-I When a group of people applaud, they clap their hands in order to show approval, for example, when they have enjoyed a play or concert
Acumen	N-UNCOUNT Acumen is the ability to make good judgments and quick decisions.
Prescient	1 ADJ If you say that someone or something was prescient, you mean that they were able to know or predict what was going to happen in the future. ...an eerily prescient comedy about a populist multimillionaire political candidate. 2 N-UNCOUNT Over the years he's demonstrated a certain prescience in foreign affairs. prescience
Literacy	N-UNCOUNT Literacy is the ability to read and write. Many adults have problems with literacy and numeracy.
Complacent	ADJ A complacent person is very pleased with themselves or feels that they do not need to do anything about a situation, even though the situation may be uncertain or dangerous. We cannot afford to be complacent about our health.
Obsolete	ADJ Something that is obsolete is no longer needed because something better has been invented. So much equipment becomes obsolete almost as soon as it's made.
Lemmings	N-COUNT A lemming is an animal that looks like a large rat with thick fur. Lemmings live in cold northern regions and sometimes travel in very large numbers. 2 N-COUNT If you say that a large group of people are acting like lemmings, you are critical of them because they all follow each other into an action without thinking about it. You have to ask yourself why people line up, like lemmings, to take part in this peculiar sport.
Monetary	ADJ Monetary means relating to money, especially the total amount of money in a country. Some countries tighten monetary policy to avoid inflation.
Lawn	1 N-VAR A lawn is an area of grass that is kept cut short and is usually part of someone's garden, or part of a park. They were sitting on the lawn under a large beech tree. 2 N-VAR a fine linen or cotton fabric, used for clothing
Bedridden	ADJ Someone who is bedridden is so ill or disabled that they cannot get out of bed. He had to spend two years bedridden with an injury. ...bedridden patients.
Ledge	A narrow horizontal surface projecting from a wall, cliff or other surface
Baffles	V-T If something baffles you, you cannot understand it or explain it. An apple tree producing square fruit is baffling experts. 2 ADJ I was constantly ill, with a baffling array of symptoms. baffling
Succumb	V-I If you succumb to temptation or pressure, you do something that you want to do, or that other people want you to do, although you feel it might be wrong. Don't succumb to the temptation to have just one cigarette. succumb /succumb/1consent reluctantly Synonyms：yield / give in / knuckle under / buckle under2be fatally overwhelmed Synonyms：yield
Inadequate	ADJ If something is inadequate, there is not enough of it or it is not good enough. Supplies of food and medicines are inadequate. 2 ADV The projects were inadequately funded. inadequately 3 ADJ If someone feels inadequate, they feel that they do not have the qualities and abilities necessary to do something or to cope with life in general. I still feel inadequate, useless and mixed up.
Prolong	V-T To prolong something means to make it last longer. Mr. Chesler said foreign military aid was prolonging the war.
Persist	V-I If something undesirable persists, it continues to exist. Contact your doctor if the cough persists. 2 V-I If you persist in doing something, you continue to do it, even though it is difficult or other people are against it. Why do people persist in begging for money in the street? He urged the United States to persist with its efforts to bring about peace.
Smoke-and-mirror	N irrelevant or misleading information serving to obscure the truth of a situation
Devaluation	devaluation /devaluation/1an official lowering of a nation's currency; a decrease in the value of a country's currency relative to that of foreign countries2the reduction of something's value or worth
Prior	ADJ You use prior to indicate that something has already happened, or must happen, before another event takes place. He claimed he had no prior knowledge of the protest. The Constitution requires the president to seek the prior approval of Congress for military action. 2 ADJ A prior claim or duty is more important than other claims or duties and needs to be dealt with first. The firm I wanted to use had prior commitments. 3 N a prior probability 4 N the superior of a house and community in certain religious orders 5 PHRASE If something happens prior to a particular time or event, it happens before that time or event. A death prior to 65 is considered to be a premature death.
Pension	N-COUNT Someone who has a pension receives a regular sum of money from a former employer because they have retired or because they are widowed or disabled. ...struggling by on a pension. 2 V to grant a pension to 3 N in France and some other countries a relatively cheap boarding house
Pervasive	ADJ Something, especially something bad, that is pervasive is present or felt throughout a place or thing. ...the pervasive influence of the army in national life.
CPA	N-COUNT CPA is an abbreviation for . certified public accountant He is a CPA in both New York and New Jersey.
Budgeting	N-COUNT Your budget is the amount of money that you have available to spend. The budget for something is the amount of money that a person, organization, or country has available to spend on it. She will design a fantastic new kitchen for you – and all within your budget. Someone had furnished the place on a tight budget. 2 N-COUNT The budget of an organization or country is its financial situation, considered as the difference between the money it receives and the money it spends. The hospital obviously needs to balance the budget each year. 3 V-T/V-I If you budget certain amounts of money for particular things, you decide that you can afford to spend those amounts on those things.
Leveraging	leveraging /leveraging/1investing with borrowed money as a way to amplify potential gains (at the risk of greater losses) Synonyms：leverage
Crooks	N-COUNT A crook is a dishonest person or a criminal. The man is a crook and a liar. 2 N-COUNT The crook of your arm or leg is the soft inside part where you bend your elbow or knee. She hid her face in the crook of her arm. 3 N-COUNT A crook is a long pole with a large hook at the end. A crook is carried by a bishop in religious ceremonies, or by a shepherd. 4 V-T If you crook your arm or finger, you bend it. He crooked his finger: "Come forward," he said.
Surplus	N-VAR If there is a surplus of something, there is more than is needed. ...countries where there is a surplus of labour. 2 ADJ Surplus is used to describe something that is extra or that is more than is needed. Few people have large sums of surplus cash. I sell my surplus birds to a local pet shop. 3 N-COUNT If a country has a trade surplus, it exports more than it imports. Japan's annual trade surplus is in the region of 100 billion dollars. 4 N-COUNT If a government has a budget surplus, it has spent less than it received in taxes. Norway's budget surplus has fallen from 5.9% in 1986 to an expected 0.1% this year.
ROI	roi /roi/1(corporate finance) the amount, expressed as a percentage, that is earned on a company's total capital calculated by dividing the total capital into earnings before interest, taxes, or dividends are paid Synonyms：return on invested capital / return on investment
Savvy	N-UNCOUNT If you describe someone as having savvy, you think that they have a good understanding and practical knowledge of something. He is known for his political savvy and strong management skills.
Malpractice	1 N-VAR If you accuse someone of malpractice, you are accusing them of being careless or of breaking the law or the rules of their profession. There were only one or two serious allegations of malpractice.
Union Wages	الأجور النقابية
Draft-exempt	إعفاء من المسودة
Dreaded	ADJ Dreaded means terrible and greatly feared. No one knew how to treat this dreaded disease. 2 ADJ You can use the dreaded to describe something that you, or a particular group of people, find annoying, inconvenient, or undesirable. She's a victim of the dreaded hay fever.
Reaped	V-T If you reap the benefits or the rewards of something, you enjoy the good things that happen as a result of it. You'll soon begin to reap the benefits of being fitter.
Wreckage	N-UNCOUNT When something such as a plane, car, or building has been destroyed, you can refer to what remains as wreckage or the wreckage. Mark was dragged from the burning wreckage of his car just before it exploded.
Commodity	N-COUNT A commodity is something that is sold for money. Prices went up on several basic commodities like bread and meat.
Royalty	N-UNCOUNT The members of royal families are sometimes referred to as royalty. Royalty and government leaders from all around the world are gathering in Japan. 2 N-PLURAL Royalties are payments made to authors and musicians when their work is sold or performed. They usually receive a fixed percentage of the profits from these sales or performances. I lived on about $5,000 a year from the royalties on my book. 3 N-COUNT Payments made to someone whose invention, idea, or property is used by a commercial company can be referred to as royalties. The royalties enabled the inventor to re-establish himself in business.
Imitator	1 N-COUNT An imitator is someone who copies what someone else does, or copies the way they speak or behave. He doesn't take chances; that's why he's survived and most of his imitators haven't. ...the Beatles and their many imitators.
Attorney	N-COUNT In the United States, an attorney or attorney-at-law is a lawyer. ...a prosecuting attorney. At the hearing, her attorney did not enter a plea.
Hemorrhaging	Hemorrhaging Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging or haemorrhaging (see American and British spelling differences), is blood escaping from the circulatory system. Bleeding can occur internally, where blood ...
Rigorous	ADJ A test, system, or procedure that is rigorous is very thorough and strict. The selection process is based on rigorous tests of competence and experience. 2 ADV ...rigorously conducted research. rigorously 3 ADJ If someone is rigorous in the way that they do something, they are very careful and thorough. He is rigorous in his control of expenditure.
Resent	V-T If you resent someone or something, you feel bitter and angry about them. She resents her mother for being so tough on her.
Parakeet	N-COUNT A parakeet is a type of small parrot that is brightly coloured and has a long tail.
Bandits	N-COUNT Robbers are sometimes called bandits, especially if they are found in areas where the law has broken down. This is real bandit country.
Beaus	N-COUNT A woman's beau is her boyfriend or lover.
Counterfeit	ADJ Counterfeit money, goods, or documents are not genuine, but have been made to look exactly like genuine ones in order to deceive people. He admitted possessing and delivering counterfeit currency. 2 N-COUNT Counterfeit is also a noun. Levi Strauss says counterfeits of the company's jeans are flooding Europe. 3 V-T If someone counterfeits something, they make a version of it that is not genuine but has been made to look genuine in order to deceive people. ...the coins Davies is alleged to have counterfeited.
Siphoning	V-T If you siphon liquid from a container, you make it come out through a tube and down into a lower container by enabling the pressure of the air on it to push it out. He told police someone had tried to siphon gas from his car. 2 PHRASAL VERB Siphon off means the same as . Surgeons siphoned off fluid from his left lung. 3 N-COUNT A siphon is a tube that you use for siphoning liquid. 4 V-T If you siphon money or resources from something, you cause them to be used for a purpose for which they were not intended. He siphoned $1.2 billion from his companies to prop up his crumbling media empire. 5 PHRASAL VERB Siphon off means the same as . He had siphoned off a small fortune in aid money from the United Nations.
Siphoning	V-T If you siphon liquid from a container, you make it come out through a tube and down into a lower container by enabling the pressure of the air on it to push it out. He told police someone had tried to siphon gas from his car. 2 PHRASAL VERB Siphon off means the same as . Surgeons siphoned off fluid from his left lung. 3 N-COUNT A siphon is a tube that you use for siphoning liquid. 4 V-T If you siphon money or resources from something, you cause them to be used for a purpose for which they were not intended. He siphoned $1.2 billion from his companies to prop up his crumbling media empire. 5 PHRASAL VERB Siphon off means the same as . He had siphoned off a small fortune in aid money from the United Nations.
Excerpt	N-COUNT An excerpt is a short piece of writing or music taken from a larger piece. ...an excerpt from Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker.
Audits	V-T When an accountant audits an organization's accounts, he or she examines the accounts officially in order to make sure that they have been done correctly. Each year they audit our accounts and certify them as being true and fair. 2 N-COUNT Audit is also a noun. The bank first learned of the problem when it carried out an internal audit.
Usury	N-UNCOUNT Usury is the practice of lending money at a high rate of interest.
Churn	(churning, churned, churns) 1 N-COUNT A churn is a container which is used for making butter. 2 V-T If something churns water, mud, or dust, it moves it about violently. ...dirt roads now churned into mud by the annual rains. 3 PHRASAL VERB Churn up means the same as . The recent rain had churned up the waterfall into a muddy whirlpool. Occasionally dolphins slap the water with their tails or churn it up in play. 4 V-T/V-I If you say that your stomach is churning, you mean that you feel sick. You can also say that something churns your stomach. My stomach churned as I stood up.
Premarital	ADJ Premarital means happening at some time before someone gets married. I rejected the teaching that premarital sex was immoral.
Prenuptial	ADJ occurring or existing before marriage a prenuptial agreement
Prenuptial	ADJ occurring or existing before marriage a prenuptial agreement
Proprietorship	Proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one natural person and in which there is no legal distinction bet...
Alumni	N-COUNT The alumni of a school, college, or university are the people who used to be students there.
Deficit	N-COUNT A deficit is the amount by which something is less than what is required or expected, especially the amount by which the total money received is less than the total money spent. They're ready to cut the federal budget deficit for the next fiscal year. ...a deficit of five billion dollars. 2 PHRASE If an account or organization is in deficit, more money has been spent than has been received.
Surplus	N-VAR If there is a surplus of something, there is more than is needed. ...countries where there is a surplus of labour. 2 ADJ Surplus is used to describe something that is extra or that is more than is needed. Few people have large sums of surplus cash. I sell my surplus birds to a local pet shop. 3 N-COUNT If a country has a trade surplus, it exports more than it imports. Japan's annual trade surplus is in the region of 100 billion dollars. 4 N-COUNT If a government has a budget surplus, it has spent less than it received in taxes. Norway's budget surplus has fallen from 5.9% in 1986 to an expected 0.1% this year.
Frivolous	ADJ If you describe someone as frivolous, you mean they behave in a silly or light-hearted way, rather than being serious and sensible. I just decided I was a bit too frivolous to be a doctor. 2 ADJ If you describe an activity as frivolous, you disapprove of it because it is not useful and wastes time or money. The group says it wants politicians to stop wasting public money on what it believes are frivolous projects.
Tithe	N-COUNT A tithe is a fixed amount of money or goods that is given regularly in order to support a church, a priest, or a charity.
Newlyweds	N-COUNT Newlyweds are a man and woman who have very recently got married to each other. Lavalais raised his glass to propose a toast to the newlyweds.
Amortize	V-T In finance, if you amortize a debt, you pay it back in regular payments. There's little advantage to amortizing the loan, especially on a 30 or 40-year basis.
Abundant	ADJ Something that is abundant is present in large quantities. There is an abundant supply of cheap labour.
Unanimous	ADJ When a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about something or all vote for the same thing. Editors were unanimous in their condemnation of the proposals. 2 ADV The board unanimously approved the project last week. unanimously 3 ADJ A unanimous vote, decision, or agreement is one in which all the people involved agree. Their decision was unanimous.
Condemning	V-T If you condemn something, you say that it is very bad and unacceptable. Political leaders united yesterday to condemn the latest wave of violence. Graham was right to condemn his players for lack of ability, attitude, and application. 2 V-T If someone is condemned to a punishment, they are given this punishment. He was condemned to life imprisonment. 3 V-T If circumstances condemn you to an unpleasant situation, they make it certain that you will suffer in that way. Their lack of qualifications condemned them to a lifetime of boring, usually poorly-paid work. 4 V-T If authorities condemn a building, they officially decide that it is not safe and must be pulled down or repaired. The court's ruling clears the way to condemn buildings in the area.
Wheelbarrow	N-COUNT A wheelbarrow is a small open cart with one wheel and handles that is used for carrying things, for example, in the garden. Next to her is a wheelbarrow full of flowers for planting.
Tenant	N-COUNT A tenant is someone who pays rent for the place they live in, or for land or buildings that they use. Regulations placed clear obligations on the landlord for the benefit of the tenant.
Transient	ADJ Transient is used to describe a situation that lasts only a short time or is constantly changing. ...the transient nature of high fashion. 2 N-COUNT Transients are people who stay in a place for only a short time and then move somewhere else. ...a dormitory for transients.
Bookkeeper	N-COUNT A bookkeeper is a person whose job is to keep an accurate record of the money that is spent and received by a business or other organization.
Vacate	V-T If you vacate a place or a job, you leave it or give it up, making it available for other people. He quickly vacated the gym after the workout.
Hodgepodge	Hodgepodge Hodge-podge or hotchpotch describes a confused or disorderly mass or collection of things; a "mess" or a "jumble".Hodge-podge may refer to:
Hedge	N-COUNT A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees, usually along the edge of a lawn, garden, field, or road. 2 V-I If you hedge against something unpleasant or unwanted that might affect you, especially losing money, you do something which will protect you from it. You can hedge against illness with insurance. 3 N-COUNT Something that is a hedge against something unpleasant will protect you from its effects. Gold is traditionally a hedge against inflation. 4 PHRASE If you hedge your bets, you reduce the risk of losing a lot by supporting more than one person or thing in a situation where they are opposed to each other. The company tried to hedge its bets by diversifying into other fields
Annuities	1 N-COUNT An annuity is an investment or insurance policy that pays someone a fixed sum of money each year. He received a paltry annuity of $100.
Municipal	ADJ Municipal means associated with or belonging to a city or town that has its own local government. The municipal authorities gave the go-ahead for the march. ...next month's municipal elections.
Volatility	volatility /volatility/1the property of changing readily from a solid or liquid to a vapor2the trait of being unpredictably irresolute the volatility of the market drove many investors away ; Synonyms：unpredictability3being easily excited Synonyms：excitability / excitableness
Phantom	N-COUNT A phantom is a ghost. They vanished down the stairs like two phantoms. 2 ADJ You use phantom to describe something that you think you experience but that is not real. ...phantom pregnancies. 3 ADJ Phantom is used to describe business organizations, agreements, or goods that do not really exist, but that someone pretends do exist in order to cheat people. A phantom trading scheme at a Wall Street investment bank went unnoticed for three years.
Depreciation	depreciation /depreciation/1a decrease in price or value depreciation of the dollar against the yen ; 2decrease in value of an asset due to obsolescence or use Synonyms：wear and tear3a communication that belittles somebody or something Synonyms：disparagement / derogation
Clinging	V-I If you cling to someone or something, you hold onto them tightly. Another man was rescued as he clung to the riverbank. She had to cling onto the door handle until the pain passed. 2 V-I If someone clings to a position or a possession they have, they do everything they can to keep it even though this may be very difficult. Instead, he appears determined to cling to power. Another congressman clung on with a majority of only 18.
Escort	V-T If you escort someone somewhere, you accompany them there, usually in order to make sure that they leave a place or get to their destination. I escorted him to the door. 2 N-COUNT An escort is a person who travels with someone in order to protect or guard them. He arrived with a police escort shortly before half past nine. 3 PHRASE If someone is taken somewhere under escort, they are accompanied by guards, either because they have been arrested or because they need to be protected. 4 N-COUNT An escort is a person who accompanies another person of the opposite sex to a social event. Sometimes people are paid to be escorts. My sister needed an escort for a company dinner.
Berm	N a narrow path or ledge at the edge of a slope, road, or canal
Pragmatic	ADJ A pragmatic way of dealing with something is based on practical considerations, rather than theoretical ones. A pragmatic person deals with things in a practical way. Robin took a pragmatic look at her situation. 2 ADV "I can't ever see us doing anything else," stated Brian pragmatically. pragmatically
Erroneous	ADJ Beliefs, opinions, or methods that are erroneous are incorrect or only partly correct. Some people have the erroneous notion that one can contract AIDS by giving blood. 2 ADV It had been widely and erroneously reported that Armstrong had refused to give evidence. erroneously
Agrarian	ADJ Agrarian means relating to the ownership and use of land, especially farmland, or relating to the part of a society or economy that is concerned with agriculture.
Peasant	N-COUNT A peasant is a poor person of low social status who works on the land; used to refer to people who live in countries where farming is still a common way of life. ...the peasants in the Peruvian highlands.
Conquistador	N-COUNT The conquistadors were the sixteenth century Spanish conquerors of Central and South America.
Indigenous	ADJ Indigenous people or things belong to the country in which they are found, rather than coming there or being brought there from another country. ...the country's indigenous population.
Minnow	N-COUNT A minnow is a very small fish that lives in lakes and rivers.
Piaster	N (formerly) the standard monetary unit of South Vietnam, divided into 100 cents
Pegged - Peg	N-COUNT A peg is a small piece of wood or metal that is used for fastening something to something else. He builds furniture using wooden pegs instead of nails. 2 N-COUNT A peg is a small hook or knob that is attached to a wall or door and is used for hanging things on. His work jacket hung on the peg in the kitchen. 3 N-COUNT A peg is a small device that you use to fasten clothes to a clothes line. 4 V-T If you peg something somewhere or peg it down, you fix it there with pegs. Peg down netting over the top to keep out leaves. ...a tent pegged to the ground nearby for the kids. 5 V-T If a price or amount of something is pegged at a particular level, it is fixed at that level. Its currency is pegged to the dollar. The Bank wants to peg rates at 9%
Flee	V-T/V-I If you flee from something or someone, or flee a person or thing, you escape from them. He slammed the bedroom door behind him and fled. ...refugees fleeing persecution or torture.
Betle	N an Asian piperaceous climbing plant, Piper betle, the leaves of which are chewed, with the betel nut, by the peoples of SE Asia
Scarcer	Possible impacts of scarcer and more expensive finance الآثار المحتملة لزيادة شح التمويل وارتفاع تكلفتهAs the government’s fiscal position has steadily weakened, the jobs have become far scarcer. ومع ازدياد المركز المالي للحكومة ضعفاً على نحو مضطرد فقد أصبحت فرص العمل أكثر نُدرة.Developing countries need to anticipate scarcer and more expensive capital على البلدان النامية أن تتوقع زيادة شح رؤوس الأموال وارتفاع تكلفة الحصول عليها
Hoard	V-T If you hoard things such as food or money, you save or store them, often in secret, because they are valuable or important to you. They've begun to hoard food and petrol and save their money. 2 N-COUNT A hoard is a store of things that you have saved and that are valuable or important to you or you do not want other people to have. The case involves a hoard of silver and jewels valued at up to £40m.
Cognizant	ADJ If someone is cognizant of something, they are aware of it or understand it. We are cognizant of the problem.
Prey	N-UNCOUNT-COLL A creature's prey are the creatures that it hunts and eats in order to live. Electric rays stun their prey with huge electrical discharges. 2 V-I A creature that preys on other creatures lives by catching and eating them. The effect was to disrupt the food chain, starving many animals and those that preyed on them. 3 N-UNCOUNT You can refer to the people who someone tries to harm or trick as their prey. Police officers lie in wait for the gangs who stalk their prey at night. 4 V-I If someone preys on other people, especially people who are unable to protect themselves, they take advantage of them or harm them in some way. Pam had never learned that there were men who preyed on young runaways. 5 V-I If something preys on your mind, you cannot stop thinking and worrying about it. It was a misunderstanding and it preyed on his conscience.
Integrity	N-UNCOUNT If you have integrity, you are honest and firm in your moral principles. I have always regarded him as a man of integrity. 2 N-UNCOUNT The integrity of something such as a group of people or a text is its state of being a united whole. Separatist movements are a threat to the integrity of the nation.
Intrinsic	If something has intrinsic value or intrinsic interest, it is valuable or interesting because of its basic nature or character, and not because of its connection with other things. Diamonds have little intrinsic value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity. 2 ADV Sometimes I wonder if people are intrinsically evil. intrinsically
Endorse	V-T If you endorse someone or something, you say publicly that you support or approve of them. I can endorse their opinion wholeheartedly. 2 V-T If you endorse a product or company, you appear in advertisements for it. The twins endorsed a line of household cleaning products
Flourish	V-I If something flourishes, it is successful, active, or common, and developing quickly and strongly. Business flourished and within six months they were earning 18,000 roubles a day. 2 ADJ Boston quickly became a flourishing port. flourishing 3 V-I If a plant or animal flourishes, it grows well or is healthy because the conditions are right for it. The plant flourishes particularly well in slightly harsher climes. 4 ADJ ...a flourishing fox population. flourishing 5 V-T If you flourish an object, you wave it about in a way that makes people notice it. He flourished the glass to emphasize the point. 6 N-COUNT Flourish is also a noun. He took his cap from under his arm with a flourish and pulled it low over his eyes
Sap	V-T If something saps your strength or confidence, it gradually weakens or destroys it. I was afraid the sickness had sapped my strength. 2 V-T to undermine (a fortification, etc) by digging saps 3 N-UNCOUNT Sap is the watery liquid in plants and trees. The leaves, bark and sap are also common ingredients of local herbal remedies. 4 N-COUNT a gullible or foolish person 5 N-COUNT energy; vigour 6 N-COUNT a deep and narrow trench used to approach or undermine an enemy position, esp in siege warfare
Populace	N-UNCOUNT The populace of a country is its people. ...a large proportion of the populace.
Populace	ADJ Someone who is literate is able to read and write. Over one-quarter of the adult population are not fully literate.
Batten down the hatches	Batten down the hatches. فاستعدوا لمواجهة العاصفة.Batten down those hatches before were on the bottom. عالجوا هذة الثغرات قبل أن نجد أنفسنا فى قاع البحرBatten down the hatches استعدوا
Silhouette	N-COUNT A silhouette is the solid dark shape that you see when someone or something has a bright light or pale background behind them. The dark silhouette of the castle ruins stood out boldly against the fading light. 2 N-COUNT The silhouette of something is the outline that it has, which often helps you to recognize it. ...the distinctive silhouette of the Manhattan skyline.
Juncture	N-COUNT At a particular juncture means at a particular point in time, especially when it is a very important time in a process or series of events. What's important at this juncture is the ability of the three republics to work together.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Intrapersonal	Intrapersonal intelligence provides a confidence in oneself that allows a student to process new information through thought and reflection يوفر الذكاء بين الأشخاص الثقة بالنفس والتي تسمح للطالب بمعالجة معلومات جديدة من خلال التأمل والتفاعلStrong intrapersonal intelligence indicates a strong personal connection to feelings and emotions, which can take a student to a higher level of consciousness in learning وكون الطالب لديه ذكاء شخصي قوي يعني وجود اتصال شخصي قوي بالمشاعر والأحاسيس، وهو ما يمكن أن يأخذ الطالب إلى مستوى أعلى من الإدراك تجاه التعلمHaving a strong intrapersonal intelligence means having a strong personal connection to feelings and emotions, which can take a student to a higher level of consciousness toward learning وكون الطالب لديه ذكاء شخصي قوي يعني اتصالًا شخصيًا قويًا بالمشاعر والأحاسيس، وهو ما يمكن أن يأخذ الطالب إلى مستوى أعلى من الإدراك تجاه التعلم
Interpersonal	ADJ Interpersonal means relating to relationships between people. Training in interpersonal skills is essential
Primitive	ADJ Primitive means belonging to a society in which people live in a very simple way, usually without industries or a writing system. ...studies of primitive societies. 2 ADJ Primitive means belonging to a very early period in the development of an animal or plant. ...primitive whales. Primitive humans needed to be able to react like this to escape from dangerous animals. 3 ADJ If you describe something as primitive, you mean that it is very simple in style or very old-fashioned. The conditions are primitive by any standards.
Unison	PHRASE If two or more people do something in unison, they do it together at the same time. Every morning the kids say the Pledge of Allegiance in unison. 2 PHRASE If people or organizations act in unison, they act the same way because they agree with each other or because they want to achieve the same goals. The international community is ready to work in unison against him.
Imitate	V-T If you imitate someone, you copy what they do or produce. ...a genuine German musical that does not try to imitate the American model. 2 V-T If you imitate a person or animal, you copy the way they speak or behave, usually because you are trying to be funny. Clarence screws up his face and imitates the Colonel again.
Self-righteous	ADJ If you describe someone as self-righteous, you disapprove of them because they are convinced that they are right in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour and that other people are wrong. He is critical of the monks, whom he considers narrow-minded and self-righteous. 2 N-UNCOUNT Her aggressiveness and self-righteousness caused prickles of anger at the back of his neck. self-righteousness
Conducive	ADJ If one thing is conducive to another thing, it makes the other thing likely to happen. Make your bedroom as conducive to sleep as possible.
Rowing	N-UNCOUNT Rowing is a sport in which people or teams race against each other in boats with oars. ...competitions in rowing, swimming, and water skiing.
Venture capital	N-UNCOUNT Venture capital is capital that is invested in projects that have a high risk of failure, but that will bring large profits if they are successful. Successful venture capital investment is a lot harder than it sometimes looks.
Squirm	V-I If you squirm, you move your body from side to side, usually because you are nervous or uncomfortable. He had squirmed and wriggled and screeched when his father had washed his face. He gave a feeble shrug and tried to squirm free. 2 V-I If you squirm, you are very embarrassed or ashamed. Mentioning religion is a sure way to make him squirm.
Tenure	N-UNCOUNT Tenure is the legal right to live in a particular building or to use a particular piece of land during a fixed period of time. Lack of security of tenure was a reason for many families becoming homeless. 2 N-UNCOUNT Tenure is the period of time during which someone holds an important job. ...the challenges he faced during his tenure as chief executive officer. 3 N-UNCOUNT If you have tenure in your job, you have the right to keep it until you retire.
Cognition	N-UNCOUNT Cognition is the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things. ...processes of perception and cognition.
Piques	N-UNCOUNT Pique is the feeling of annoyance you have when you think someone has not treated you properly. Mimi had got over her pique at Susan's refusal to accept the job. 2 V-T If something piques your interest or curiosity, it makes you interested or curious. This phenomenon piqued Dr. Morris' interest. 3 V to cause to feel resentment or irritation 4 N a score of 30 points made by a player from a combination of cards held before play begins and from play while his opponent's score is nil 5 V to score a pique (against) 6 PHRASE If someone does something in a fit of pique, they do it suddenly because they are annoyed at being not treated properly. Lawrence, in a fit of pique, left the Army and took up a career in accounting.
Regurgitate	V-T If you say that someone is regurgitating ideas or facts, you mean that they are repeating them without understanding them properly. You can get sick to death of a friend regurgitating her partner's opinions. 2 V-T If a person or animal regurgitates food, they bring it back up from their stomach before it has been digested. Sometimes he regurgitates the food we give him because he cannot swallow.
Barter	V-T/V-I If you barter goods, you exchange them for other goods, rather than selling them for money. They have been bartering wheat for cotton and timber. The market-place and street were crowded with those who'd come to barter. 2 N-UNCOUNT Barter is also a noun. Overall, barter is a very inefficient means of organizing transactions.
Arbitrary	ADJ If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this. Arbitrary arrests and detention without trial were common. 2 ADV The victims were not chosen arbitrarily. arbitrarily
Decree	N-COUNT A decree is an official order or decision, especially one made by the ruler of a country. In July he issued a decree ordering all unofficial armed groups in the country to disband. 2 N-COUNT A decree is a judgment made by a law court. ...court decrees. 3 V-T If someone in authority decrees that something must happen, they decide or state this officially. The government decreed that all who wanted to live and work in Kenya must hold Kenyan passports.
Hereatical	ADJ A belief or action that is heretical is one that most people think is wrong because it disagrees with beliefs that are generally accepted. I made the then heretical suggestion that it might be cheaper to design new machines. 2 ADJ A belief or action that is heretical is one that seriously disagrees with the principles of a particular religion. The Church regards spirit mediums and people claiming to speak to the dead as heretical.
Irreverence	irreverence /irreverence/1an irreverent mental attitude2a disrespectful act Synonyms：violation
Ridicule	V-T If you ridicule someone or ridicule their ideas or beliefs, you make fun of them in an unkind way. I admired her all the more for allowing them to ridicule her and never striking back. 2 N-UNCOUNT If someone or something is an object of ridicule or is held up to ridicule, someone makes fun of them in an unkind way. As a heavy child, she became the object of ridicule from classmates.
Status quo	N-SING The status quo is the state of affairs that exists at a particular time, especially in contrast to a different possible state of affairs. By 492 votes to 391, the federation voted to maintain the status quo.
Elusive	ADJ Something or someone that is elusive is difficult to find, describe, remember, or achieve. In Denver late-night taxis are elusive and far from cheap.
Premise	N-PLURAL The premises of a business or an institution are all the buildings and land that it occupies in one place. There is a kitchen on the premises. 2 N-COUNT A premise is something that you suppose is true and that you use as a basis for developing an idea. The premise is that schools will work harder to improve if they must compete
Famine	N-VAR Famine is a situation in which large numbers of people have little or no food, and many of them die. Thousands of refugees are trapped by war, drought and famine.
Insidious	ADJ Something that is insidious is unpleasant or dangerous and develops gradually without being noticed. The changes are insidious, and will not produce a noticeable effect for 15 to 20 years.
Acronym	N-COUNT An acronym is a word composed of the first letters of the words in a phrase, especially when this is used as a name. An example of an acronym is NATO which is made up of the first letters of the "North Atlantic Treaty Organization."
Shinto	N-UNCOUNT Shinto is the traditional religion of Japan.
Political asylum	N-UNCOUNT Political asylum is the right to live in a foreign country and is given by the government of that country to people who have to leave their own country for political reasons. ...a university teacher who is seeking political asylum in California.
Triads	N-COUNT The Triads were Chinese secret societies in old China that were often associated with organized crime. 2 N-COUNT A triad is a group of three similar things. For the faculty, there exists the triad of responsibilities: teaching, research, and service.
Cautions	N-UNCOUNT Caution is great care which you take in order to avoid possible danger. Extreme caution should be exercised when buying used tyres. 2 V-T/V-I If someone cautions you, they warn you about problems or danger. Tony cautioned against misrepresenting the situation. The statement clearly was intended to caution Seoul against attempting to block the council's action again. 3 N-UNCOUNT Caution is also a noun. There was a note of caution for the treasury in the figures. 4 to err on the side of caution→see err
Impoverished	V-T Something that impoverishes a person or a country makes them poor. We need to reduce the burden of taxes that impoverish the economy. 2 ADJ The goal is to lure businesses into impoverished areas by offering them tax breaks. impoverished 3 V-T A person or thing that impoverishes something makes it worse in quality. A top dressing of fertilizer should be added to improve growth as mint impoverishes the soil quickly.
Dross	N-UNCOUNT If you describe something as dross, you mean that it is of very poor quality or has no value. I go through phases where everything I write is just dross.
Fetter	V-T If you say that you are fettered by something, you dislike it because it prevents you from behaving or moving in a free and natural way. ...a private trust which would not be fettered by bureaucracy. The black mud fettered her movements. 2 N-PLURAL You can use fetters to refer to things such as rules, traditions, or responsibilities that you dislike because they prevent you from behaving in the way you want.
Seemingly	ADV If something is seemingly the case, you mean that it appears to be the case, even though it may not really be so. A seemingly endless line of trucks waits in vain to load up. 2 ADV You use seemingly when you want to say that something seems to be true. He has moved to Spain, seemingly to enjoy a slower style of life.
Legitimate	ADJ Something that is legitimate is acceptable according to the law. The French government has condemned the coup in Haiti and has demanded the restoration of the legitimate government. 2 N-UNCOUNT The opposition parties do not recognize the political legitimacy of his government. legitimacy 3 ADJ If you say that something such as a feeling or claim is legitimate, you think that it is reasonable and justified. That's a perfectly legitimate fear. 4 N-UNCOUNT Sampras beat Carl-Uwe Steeb by 6-1, 6-2, 6-1 to underline the legitimacy of his challenge for the title. legitimacy
Magnate	N-COUNT A magnate is someone who has earned a lot of money from a particular business or industry. ...a multimillionaire shipping magnate.
Convenience	N-UNCOUNT If something is done for your convenience, it is done in a way that is useful or suitable for you He was happy to make a detour for her convenience. 2 N-COUNT If you describe something as a convenience, you mean that it is very useful Mail order is a convenience for buyers who are too busy to shop. 3 N-COUNT Conveniences are pieces of equipment designed to make your life easier ...an apartment with all the modern conveniences. 4 →see also convenient
Astounding	ADJ If something is astounding, you are shocked or amazed that it could exist or happen. The results are quite astounding.
Subtle	ADJ Something that is subtle is not immediately obvious or noticeable. ...the slow and subtle changes that take place in all living things. 2 ADV The truth is subtly different. subtly 3 ADJ A subtle person cleverly uses indirect methods to achieve something. I even began to exploit him in subtle ways. 4 ADV Nathan is subtly trying to turn her against Barry. subtly 5 ADJ Subtle smells, tastes, sounds, or colours are pleasantly complex and delicate. ...subtle shades of brown. 6 ADV ...a white sofa teamed with subtly coloured rugs. subtly
Clutter	N-UNCOUNT Clutter is a lot of things in a messy state, especially things that are not useful or necessary. Caroline prefers her countertops to be clear of clutter. 2 V-T If things or people clutter a place, they fill it in a messy way. Empty soft-drink cans lie everywhere. They clutter the desks and are strewn across the floor. 3 PHRASAL VERB Clutter up means the same as . The vehicles cluttered up the parking lot
IPO	ABBREVIATION for independent publicly owned company
Lemmings	N-COUNT A lemming is an animal that looks like a large rat with thick fur. Lemmings live in cold northern regions and sometimes travel in very large numbers. 2 N-COUNT If you say that a large group of people are acting like lemmings, you are critical of them because they all follow each other into an action without thinking about it. You have to ask yourself why people line up, like lemmings, to take part in this peculiar sport.
Criterion	N-COUNT A criterion is a factor on which you judge or decide something. The most important criterion for entry is that applicants must design and make their own work.
Aficionado	N-COUNT If someone is an aficionado of something, they like it and know a lot about it. I happen to be an aficionado of the opera, and I love art museums. ...a jazz aficionado.
Laxicon	N-SING The lexicon of a particular subject is all the terms associated with it. The lexicon of a person or group is all the words they commonly use. ...the lexicon of management. Chocolate equals sin in most people's lexicon. 2 N-COUNT A lexicon is an alphabetical list of the words in a language or the words associated with a particular subject.
Recalibrate	Recalibrate as necessary قم بإجراء التعديلات اللازمةReview and Recalibrate المراجعة وإجراء التغييرات اللازمةStep : Review and recalibrate الخطوة : المراجعة وإجراء التغييرات اللازمة
Jettison	jettisoning, jettisoned, jettisons) 1 V-T If you jettison something, such as an idea or a plan, you deliberately reject it or decide not to use it. The governor seems to have jettisoned the plan. 2 V-T To jettison something that is not needed or wanted means to throw it away or get rid of it. The crew jettisoned excess fuel and made an emergency landing.
Abutting	V-T/V-I When land or a building abuts something or abuts on something, it is next to it.
Deteriorates	V-I If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way. There are fears that the situation might deteriorate into full-scale war. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...concern about the rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries. deterioration
Compactness	Compactness In mathematics, and more specifically in general topology, compactness is a property that generalizes the notion of a subset of Euclidean space being closed (that is, containing all its limit points) ...
Commemorative	ADJ A commemorative object or event is intended to make people remember a particular event or person. A commemorative stamp will be issued October 15.
Arbitrary	ADJ If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this. Arbitrary arrests and detention without trial were common. 2 ADV The victims were not chosen arbitrarily. arbitrarily
Surefire	ADJ A surefire thing is something that is certain to succeed or win. These products are promoted as surefire cures for various diseases.
Globetrotter	globetrotter /globetrotter/1someone who travels widely and often Synonyms：world traveler
Cyclical	ADJ A cyclical process is one in which a series of events happens again and again in the same order. ...the cyclical nature of the airline business. 2 ADJ of or relating to a musical form consisting of several movements sharing thematic material 3 ADJ (in generative grammar) denoting one of a set of transformational rules all of which must apply to a clause before any one of them applies to any clause in which the first clause is embedded
Cemetery	N-COUNT A cemetery is a place where dead people's bodies or their ashes are buried.
Minutiae	N-PLURAL The minutiae of something such as someone's job or life are the very small details of it. Much of his early work is concerned with the minutiae of rural life.
Pacifist	N-COUNT A pacifist is someone who believes that violence is wrong and refuses to take part in wars. Many protesters insist they are pacifists, opposed to war in all forms. 2 ADJ If someone has pacifist views, they believe that war and violence are always wrong. ...his mother's pacifist ideals.
Militant	ADJ You use militant to describe people who believe in something very strongly and are active in trying to bring about political or social change, often in extreme ways that other people find unacceptable. Militant mine workers in the Ukraine have voted for a one-day stoppage next month. 2 N-COUNT Militant is also a noun. Even now we could not be sure that the militants would not find some new excuse to call a strike the following winter. 3 N-UNCOUNT ...the rise of trade union militancy. militancy
Tyrant	N-COUNT You can use tyrant to refer to someone who treats the people they have authority over in a cruel and unfair way. ...households where the father was a tyrant.
Hindrance	N-COUNT A hindrance is a person or thing that makes it more difficult for you to do something. The higher rates have been a hindrance to economic recovery.
Dietitian	dietitian /dietitian/1a specialist in the study of nutrition Synonyms：dietician / nutritionist
Maverick	N-COUNT If you describe someone as a maverick, you mean that they are unconventional and independent, and do not think or behave in the same way as other people. He was too much of a maverick ever to hold high office. 2 ADJ Maverick is also an adjective. ...a maverick group of scientists, who oppose the prevailing medical opinion on the disease.
Distress	N-UNCOUNT Distress is a state of extreme sorrow, suffering, or pain. Jealousy causes distress and painful emotions. 2 N-UNCOUNT Distress is the state of being in extreme danger and needing urgent help. He expressed concern that the ship might be in distress. 3 V-T If someone or something distresses you, they cause you to be upset or worried. The idea of Toni being in danger distresses him enormously.
Eustress	But positive stress (also referred to as eustress) stimulates us, enabling us to perform tasks more efficiently. FORBES: The Second Most Stressful Job?
Unbeknownst	unbeknownst /unbeknownst/1(usually used with `to') occurring or existing without the knowledge of she had been ill for months, unbeknownst to the family ; Synonyms：unbeknown(p)1without someone's knowledge unbeknownst to me, she made all the arrangements ; Synonyms：unbeknown
Biped	N-COUNT A biped is a creature with two legs.
Curb	V-T If you curb something, you control it and keep it within limits. ...advertisements aimed at curbing the spread of AIDS. 2 N-COUNT Curb is also a noun. He called for much stricter curbs on immigration. 3 V-T If you curb an emotion or your behaviour, you keep it under control. He curbed his temper. 4 N-COUNT →see kerb 5 N-COUNT a swelling on the leg of a horse, below the point of the hock, usually caused by a sprain noun 1(restraint) ‫رادِع‬ (‫رَوادِعُ‬), ‫كابِح‬ (‫كَوابِحُ‬) 2(US) (pavement edge) ‫حافّة رَصيفٍ‬ B transitive verb ‫كَبَحَ‬ (a; ‫كَبْح‬), ‫لَجَمَ‬ (u; ‫لَجْم‬) ‹violence›; ‫حَدَّ‬ (u; ‫حَدّ‬; ‫من‬) ‹spending›
Subpar	Agent Nielsen, your unconventional management skills are subpar. عميل (نيلسون)، مهارة إدارتك الغير تقليدية لا ترتقي للمستوىIn an era of outsize government deficits and subpar household saving, that may be America’s toughest challenge of all. وفي عصر يتسم بالعجز الحكومي الهائل والمدخرات الأسرية الأدنى من المتوسط، فإن هذا قد يكون التحدي الأصعب الذي يواجه أميركا على الإطلاق.At the same time, sharply elevated unemployment and subpar income growth have combined to tighten the noose on over-extended consumers. ومن ناحية أخرى اجتمعت معدلات البطالة التي سجلت ارتفاعاً حاداً مع النمو الأدنى من المتوسط في الدخول لتشديد الخناق على المستهلكين المنهكين.
Spoke	Spoke is the past tense of . (speak 2 N-COUNT The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.
Vessel	1(formal) (ship) ‫سَفينة‬ (‫سُفُن‬, ‫سَفائِنُ‬), ‫مَرْكَب‬ (‫مَراكِبُ‬) 2(formal) (container) ‫وِعاء‬ (‫أَوْعِية‬), ‫إناء‬ (‫آنِية‬, ‫أَوانٍ‬) 3(Anatomy) ‫وِعاء‬ (‫أَوْعِية‬)
Heterogeneous	ADJ A heterogeneous group consists of many different types of things or people. ...a rather heterogeneous collection of studies from diverse origins.
Drought	N-VAR A drought is a long period of time during which no rain falls. ...a country where drought and famines have killed up to two million people during the last eighteen years.
Epiphany	N-COUNT An epiphany is a moment of sudden insight or understanding. ...Isaac Newton's epiphany about gravity and a falling apple.
Gruel	N-UNCOUNT Gruel is a food made by boiling oats with water or milk.
Antidote	N-COUNT An antidote is a chemical substance that stops or controls the effect of a poison. When he returned, he noticed their sickness and prepared an antidote. 2 N-COUNT Something that is an antidote to a difficult or unpleasant situation helps you to overcome the situation. Massage is a wonderful antidote to stress.
Fruitful	ADJ Something that is fruitful produces good and useful results. We had a long, happy, fruitful relationship.
Prolific	1 ADJ A prolific writer, artist, or composer produces a large number of works. She is a prolific writer of novels and short stories. 2 ADJ An animal, person, or plant that is prolific produces a large number of babies, young plants, or fruit. They are prolific breeders, with many hens laying up to six eggs.
Atrocious	ADJ If you describe something as atrocious, you are emphasizing that its quality is very bad. I remain to this day fluent in Hebrew, while my Arabic is atrocious. 2 ADJ If you describe someone's behaviour or their actions as atrocious, you mean that it is unacceptable because it is extremely violent or cruel. The judge said he had committed atrocious crimes against women.
Unambiguous	ADJ If you describe a message or comment as unambiguous, you mean that it is clear and cannot be understood wrongly. ...an election result that sent the party an unambiguous message. 2 ADV The president said that she had stated the U.S. position very clearly and unambiguously. unambiguously
Frothing	N-UNCOUNT Froth is a mass of small bubbles on the surface of a liquid. ...the froth of bubbles on the top of a glass of beer. 2 V-I If a liquid froths, small bubbles appear on its surface. The sea froths over my feet.
Specificity	specificity /specificity/1the quality of being specific rather than general add a desirable note of specificity to the discussion ; the specificity of the symptoms of the disease ; 2the quality of being specific to a particular organism host specificity of a parasite ;
Chorus	N-COUNT A chorus is a part of a song which is repeated after each verse. Caroline sang two verses and the chorus of her song. 2 N-COUNT A chorus is a large group of people who sing together. The chorus was singing "The Ode to Joy." 3 N-COUNT A chorus is a piece of music written to be sung by a large group of people. ...the Hallelujah Chorus. 4 N-COUNT A chorus is a group of singers or dancers who perform together in a show, in contrast to the soloists. Students played the lesser parts and sang in the chorus. 5 N-COUNT-COLL In drama, a chorus is an actor or a group of actors who comment on the action of the play. He decides to sort out her life for her, while a pushy Greek chorus dispenses advice from the sidelines. ...commanding performances from Joe Savino as the chorus and Stephen Brennan as the ghost. 6 N-COUNT When there is a chorus of criticism, disapproval, or praise, that attitude is expressed by a lot of people at the same time. The government is defending its economic policies against a growing chorus of criticism. 7 V-T When people chorus something, they say it or sing it together. "Hi," they chorused.
Enviable	ADJ You describe something such as a quality as enviable when someone else has it and you wish that you had it too. Japan, unlike other big economies, is in the enviable position of having a budget surplus.
Ostrich	N-COUNT An ostrich is a very large, long-necked African bird that cannot fly. نعامة
Cinch	N-SING If you say that something is a cinch, you mean that you think it is very easy to do. It sounds difficult, but compared to full-time work it was a cinch. 2 N-SING a card game in which the five of trumps ranks highest
Assertive	ADJ Someone who is assertive states their needs and opinions clearly, so that people take notice. Women have become more assertive in the past decade. 2 N-UNCOUNT Chantelle's assertiveness stirred up his deep-seated sense of inadequacy. assertiveness
Cultivation	cultivation /cultivation/1socialization through training and education 2(agriculture) production of food by preparing the land to grow crops 3a highly developed state of perfection; having a flawless or impeccable quality Synonyms：polish / refinement / culture / finish
Vain	ADJ A vain attempt or action is one that fails to achieve what was intended. The drafting committee worked through the night in a vain attempt to finish on schedule. 2 ADV He hunted vainly through his pockets for a piece of paper. vainly 3 ADJ If you describe a hope that something will happen as a vain hope, you mean that there is no chance of it happening. He married his fourth wife, Susan, in the vain hope that she would improve his health. 4 ADV He then set out for Virginia for what he vainly hoped would be a peaceful retirement. vainly 5 ADJ If you describe someone as vain, you are critical of their extreme pride in their own beauty, intelligence, or other good qualities. He wasn't so vain as to think he was smarter than his boss. 6 PHRASE If you do something in vain, you do not succeed in achieving what you intend. He stopped at the door, waiting in vain for her to acknowledge his presence. 7 PHRASE If you say that something such as someone's death, suffering, or effort was in vain, you mean that it was useless because it did not achieve anything. He wants the world to know his son did not die in vain.
Fidget	V-I If you fidget, you keep moving your hands or feet slightly or changing your position slightly, for example, because you are nervous, bored, or excited. Brenda fidgeted in her seat. 2 PHRASAL VERB Fidget around and fidget about mean the same as . There were two new arrivals, fidgeting around, waiting to ask questions. 3 V-I If you fidget with something, you keep moving it or touching it with your fingers with small movements, for example, because you are nervous or bored. He fidgeted with his tie.
Guise	N-COUNT You use guise to refer to the outward appearance or form of someone or something, which is often temporary or different from their real nature. He turned up at an Easter party in the guise of a white rabbit.
Pink Slip	N-COUNT If employees are given their pink slips, they are informed that they are no longer needed to do the job that they have been doing. It was his fourth pink slip in two years. Eastern Airlines shut down operations at midnight, and 18,000 employees were given their pink slips.
Perverse	ADJ Someone who is perverse deliberately does things that are unreasonable or that result in harm for themselves. It would be perverse to stop this healthy trend. He seemed to take a perverse pleasure in being disagreeable. 2 ADV She was perversely pleased to be causing trouble. perversely
Controversial	ADJ If you describe something or someone as controversial, you mean that they are the subject of intense public argument, disagreement, or disapproval. Immigration is a controversial issue in many countries.
Wily	ADJ If you describe someone or their behaviour as wily, you mean that they are clever at achieving what they want, especially by tricking people. This is a wily politician.
Opted for/to	V-T/V-I If you opt for something, or opt to do something, you choose it or decide to do it in preference to anything else. Depending on your circumstances you can opt for one method or the other.
Mere	ADJ You use mere to emphasize how unimportant or inadequate something is, in comparison to the general situation you are describing. ...successful exhibitions which go beyond mere success. There is more to good health than the mere absence of disease. 2 ADJ You use mere to indicate that a quality or action that is usually unimportant has a very important or strong effect. The mere mention of food had triggered off hunger pangs. 3 ADJ You use mere to emphasize how small a particular amount or number is. Sixty percent of teachers are women, but a mere five percent of women are principals. 4 N a lake or marsh
Quandary	N-COUNT If you are in a quandary, you have to make a decision but cannot decide what to do. The government appears to be in a quandary about what to do with so many people.
Browbeating	V-T If someone tries to browbeat you, they try to force you to do what they want. ...attempts to deceive, con, or browbeat the voters. When I backed out of the 100 metres, an older kid tried to browbeat me into it. 2 ADJ ...the browbeaten employees. browbeaten
Tirade	N-COUNT A tirade is a long angry speech in which someone criticizes a person or thing. She launched into a tirade against the policies that ruined her business.
Paltry	ADJ A paltry amount of money or of something else is one that you consider to be very small. ...a paltry fine of $150.
Pleading	ADJ A pleading expression or gesture shows someone that you want something very much. ...his pleading eyes. ...the pleading expression on her face. 2 N-UNCOUNT Pleading is asking someone for something you want very much, in an intense or emotional way. He simply ignored Sid's pleading.
Harangue	V-T If someone harangues you, they try to persuade you to accept their opinions or ideas in a forceful way. An argument ensued, with various band members joining in and haranguing Simpson and his girlfriend for over two hours.
Indiscriminate	ADJ If you describe an action as indiscriminate, you are critical of it because it does not involve any careful thought or choice. The indiscriminate use of fertilizers is damaging to the environment. 2 ADV The men opened fire indiscriminately. indiscriminately
Minutiae	N-PLURAL The minutiae of something such as someone's job or life are the very small details of it. Much of his early work is concerned with the minutiae of rural life.
GOAT	Greatest of All Times
Arbitrary	ADJ If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this. Arbitrary arrests and detention without trial were common. 2 ADV The victims were not chosen arbitrarily. arbitrarily
Imminent	ADJ If you say that something is imminent, especially something unpleasant, you mean it is almost certain to happen very soon. There appeared no imminent danger.
Bustle	V-I If someone bustles somewhere, they move there in a hurried way, often because they are very busy. My mother bustled around the kitchen. 2 V-I A place that is bustling or bustling with people or activity is full of people who are very busy or lively. The sidewalks are bustling with people. 3 N-UNCOUNT Bustle is busy, noisy activity. ...the hustle and bustle of modern life. 4 N a cushion or a metal or whalebone framework worn by women in the late 19th century at the back below the waist in order to expand the skirt (1
Ruthless	ADJ If you say that someone is ruthless, you mean that you disapprove of them because they are very harsh or cruel, and will do anything that is necessary to achieve what they want. The president was ruthless in dealing with any hint of internal political dissent. 2 ADV The party has ruthlessly crushed any sign of organized opposition. ruthlessly 3 ADJ A ruthless action or activity is done forcefully and thoroughly, without much concern for its effects on other people. Her lawyers have been ruthless in thrashing out a divorce settlement. 4 ADV Gloria showed signs of turning into the ruthlessly efficient woman her father wanted her to be. ruthlessly
Propel	V-T To propel something in a particular direction means to cause it to move in that direction. The tiny rocket is attached to the spacecraft and is designed to propel it toward Mars. 2 COMB in ADJ -propelled combines with nouns to form adjectives that indicate how something, especially a weapon, is propelled. ...rocket-propelled grenades.
Pessimism	N-UNCOUNT Pessimism is the belief that bad things are going to happen. ...universal pessimism about the economy.
Sloth	N-UNCOUNT Sloth is laziness, especially with regard to work. He admitted a lack of motivation and a feeling of sloth. 2 N-COUNT A sloth is an animal from Central and South America. Sloths live in trees and move very slowly.
Masochistic	ADJ Masochistic behaviour involves a person getting sexual pleasure from their own pain or suffering. ...his masochistic tendencies. 2 ADJ If you describe someone's behaviour as masochistic, you mean that they seem to be trying to get into a situation which causes them suffering or great difficulty. It seems masochistic, somehow.
Confide	V-T/V-I If you confide in someone, you tell them a secret. I knew she had some fundamental problems in her marriage because she had confided in me a year earlier. He confided to me that he felt like he was being punished.
Tactful	ADJ If you describe a person or what they say as tactful you approve of them because they are careful not to offend or upset another person. He had been extremely tactful in dealing with the financial question. 2 ADV Alex tactfully refrained from further comment. tactfully
Splinter	N-COUNT A splinter is a very thin, sharp piece of wood, glass, or other hard substance, which has broken off from a larger piece. ...splinters of glass. 2 V-T/V-I If something splinters or is splintered, it breaks into thin, sharp pieces. The ruler cracked and splintered into pieces.
Cultivate	V-T If you cultivate land or crops, you prepare land and grow crops on it. She also cultivated a small garden of her own. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. cultivation 3 V-T If you cultivate an attitude, image, or skill, you try hard to develop it and make it stronger or better. He has written eight books and has cultivated the image of an elder statesman. 4 N-UNCOUNT ...the cultivation of a positive approach to life and health. cultivation 5 V-T If you cultivate someone or cultivate a friendship with them, you try hard to develop a friendship with them. Howe carefully cultivated Daniel C. Roper, the Assistant Postmaster General.
Amish	N-PLURAL The Amish are members of a Protestant sect whose rural way of life is simple and strict. ...groups like the Amish who lack conventional medical insurance. 2 ADJ Amish means relating to the Amish people or their religion. ...an Amish community.
Lieu	PHRASE If you do, get, or give one thing in lieu of another, you do, get, or give it instead of the other thing, because the two things are considered to have the same value or importance. He left what little furniture he owned to his landlord in lieu of rent. 2 PHRASE If you do, get, or give something in lieu, you do, get, or give it instead of something else, because the two things are considered to have the same value or importance. ...an increased salary or time off in lieu.
Extraneous	ADJ Extraneous things are not relevant or essential to the situation you are involved in or the subject you are talking about. To avoid delays, she wanted the disaster relief legislation to be kept free of extraneous matters.
Palpitations	N-VAR When someone has palpitations, their heart beats very fast in an irregular way. Caffeine can cause palpitations and headaches.
Cellular	1 ADJ Cellular means relating to the cells of animals or plants. Many toxic effects can be studied at the cellular level.
Commiserate	V-I If you commiserate with someone, you show them pity or sympathy when something unpleasant has happened to them. When I lost, he commiserated with me.
Digress	V-I If you digress, you move away from the subject you are talking or writing about and talk or write about something different for a while. I've digressed a little to explain the situation so far, so let me now recap. She digressed from her prepared speech to pay tribute to the president. 2 N-VAR The text is dotted with digressions. digression
Cubical	N-COUNT A cubicle is a very small enclosed area, for example, one where you can take a shower or change your clothes. ...a separate shower cubicle. 2 N-COUNT A cubicle is an area in an office that is separated from the rest of the room by thin walls. I'm not the kind of person to sit in a cubicle behind a desk.
Seldom	ADV If something seldom happens, it happens only occasionally. They seldom speak. I've seldom felt so happy.
Downsizing	V-T/V-I To downsize something such as a business or industry means to make it smaller. American manufacturing organizations have been downsizing their factories. ...today's downsized economy. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...a trend toward downsizing in the personal computer market. downsizing
Herding	N-COUNT A herd is a large group of animals of one kind that live together. Chobe is also renowned for its large herds of elephant and buffalo. 2 N-COUNT 3 N-COUNT a man or boy who tends livestock; herdsman 4 N-COUNT (in combination) goatherd swineherd 5 N-SING If you say that someone has joined the herd or follows the herd, you are criticizing them because you think that they behave just like everyone else and do not think for themselves. They are individuals; they will not follow the herd. 6 V-T If you herd people somewhere, you make them move there in a group. He began to herd the prisoners out. 7 V-T If you herd animals, you make them move along as a group. Stefano used a motorcycle to herd the sheep.
Stature	N-UNCOUNT Someone's stature is their height. It's more than his physical stature that makes him remarkable. Mother was of very small stature, barely five feet tall. 2 N-UNCOUNT The stature of a person is the importance and reputation that they have. Who can deny his stature as the world's greatest cellist?
Nauseating	ADJ If you describe someone's attitude or their behaviour as nauseating, you mean that you find it extremely unpleasant and feel disgusted by it. The judge described the offences as nauseating and unspeakable. For them to attack us for racism is nauseating hypocrisy.
Immaterial	ADJ If you say that something is immaterial, you mean that it is not important or not relevant. Whether we like him or not is immaterial.
Litmus	N a soluble powder obtained from certain lichens. It turns red under acid conditions and blue under basic conditions and is used as an indicator
Chastise	V-T If you chastise someone, you speak to them angrily or punish them for something wrong that they have done. Thomas Rane chastised Peters for his cruelty. The Securities Commission chastised the firm but imposed no fine. I just don't want you to chastise yourself.
Delegate	N-COUNT A delegate is a person who is chosen to vote or make decisions on behalf of a group of other people, especially at a conference or a meeting. The Canadian delegate offered no reply. 2 V-T/V-I If you delegate duties, responsibilities, or power to someone, you give them those duties, those responsibilities, or that power so that they can act on your behalf. He talks of travelling less, and delegating more authority to his deputies. 3 N-UNCOUNT A key factor in running a business is the delegation of responsibility. delegation 4 V-T If you are delegated to do something, you are given the duty of acting on someone else's behalf by making decisions, voting, or doing some particular work. Officials have now been delegated to start work on a draft settlement.
Tentative	ADJ Tentative agreements, plans, or arrangements are not definite or certain, but have been made as a first step. Political leaders have reached a tentative agreement to hold a preparatory conference next month. 2 ADV The next round of talks is tentatively scheduled to begin October 21st in Washington. tentatively 3 ADJ If someone is tentative, they are cautious and not very confident because they are uncertain or afraid. My first attempts at complaining were kind of tentative. 4 ADV Perhaps, he suggested tentatively, they should send for Dr. Esteves. tentatively
FUBAR	fubar 1 ADJ irreparably damaged or bungled
Unaccustomed	unaccustomed/ˌʌnəˈkʌstəmd/ 1 ADJ If you are unaccustomed to something, you do not know it very well or have not experienced it very often. They were unaccustomed to such military setbacks. 2 ADJ If you describe someone's behaviour or experiences as unaccustomed, you mean that they do not usually behave like this or have experiences of this kind. He began to comfort me with such unaccustomed gentleness.
Occuring	V-I When something occurs, it happens. If headaches only occur at night, lack of fresh air and oxygen is often the cause. The crash occurred when the crew shut down the wrong engine. 2 V-I When something occurs in a particular place, it exists or is present there. These snails do not occur on low-lying coral islands. 3 V-I If a thought or idea occurs to you, you suddenly think of it or realize it. It did not occur to me to check my insurance policy.
Alliance	N-COUNT An alliance is a group of countries or political parties that are formally united and working together because they have similar aims. The two parties were still too much apart to form an alliance. 2 N-COUNT An alliance is a relationship in which two countries, political parties, or organizations work together for some purpose. The Socialists' electoral strategy has been based on a tactical alliance with the Communists.
coup de grace	1 N-SING A coup de grace is an action or event which finally destroys something, for example, an institution, which has been gradually growing weaker. Irving Kristol delivered the coup de grace in a letter dated June 12: they had decided to reject the proposal.
Coup	N-COUNT When there is a coup, a group of people seize power in a country. ...a military coup. 2 N-COUNT A coup is an achievement which is thought to be especially good because it was very difficult. The sale is a big coup for the auction house.
Fetish	N-COUNT If someone has a fetish, they have an unusually strong liking or need for a particular object or activity, as a way of getting sexual pleasure. ...rubber and leather fetishes. ...fetish wear for sexual arousal. 2 N-COUNT If you say that someone has a fetish for doing something, you disapprove of the fact that they do it very often or enjoy it very much. What began as a postwar fetish for sunbathing is rapidly developing into a world health crisis. 3 N-COUNT In some cultures, a fetish is an object, especially a carved object, which is considered to have religious importance or magical powers.
Muse	V-T/V-I If you muse on something, you think about it, usually saying or writing what you are thinking at the same time. Many of the papers muse on the fate of the president. "As a whole," she muses, "the `organized church' turns me off." 2 N-COUNT His musings were interrupted by Montagu who came and sat down next to him. musing 3 N a goddess that inspires a creative artist, esp a poet 4 N any of nine sister goddesses, each of whom was regarded as the protectress of a different art or science. Daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, the nine are Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania
Renaissance	N-PROPER The Renaissance was the period in Europe, especially Italy, in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, when there was a new interest in art, literature, science, and learning. ...the Renaissance masterpieces in London's galleries. 2 N-SING If something experiences a renaissance, it becomes popular or successful again after a time when people were not interested in it. Popular art is experiencing a renaissance.
Contemporary	ADJ Contemporary things are modern and relate to the present time. She writes a lot of contemporary music for people like Whitney Houston. 2 ADJ Contemporary people or things were alive or happened at the same time as something else you are talking about. ...drawing upon official records and the reports of contemporary witnesses. 3 N-COUNT Someone's contemporary is a person who is or was alive at the same time as them. Like most of my contemporaries, I grew up in a vastly different world.
Praise	V-T If you praise someone or something, you express approval for their achievements or qualities. The American president praised Turkey for its courage. Many others praised Sanford for taking a strong stand. 2 N-UNCOUNT Praise is what you say or write about someone when you are praising them. All the ladies are full of praise for the staff and service they received. I have nothing but praise for the police.
IPO	ABBREVIATION for independent publicly owned company الاكتتاب العام
Nemesis	N-UNCOUNT The nemesis of a person or thing is a situation, event, or person which causes them to be seriously harmed, especially as a punishment. The new mathematics test will become the nemesis of teachers. 2 N-COUNT A person's nemesis is their opponent or rival, especially one who has been their opponent or rival for a long time. Sun Microsystems gave up its legal fight with Microsoft and agreed to cooperate with its longtime nemesis.
Bumper	N-COUNT Bumpers are bars at the front and back of a vehicle that protect it if it bumps into something. What stickers do you have on the bumper or the back windshield? 2 N a glass, tankard, etc, filled to the brim, esp as a toast 3 V to toast with a bumper 4 ADJ A bumper crop or harvest is one that is larger than usual. ...a bumper crop of rice. 5 ADJ If you say that something is bumper size, you mean that it is very large. ...bumper profits. 6 PHRASE If traffic is bumper to bumper, the vehicles are so close to one another that they are almost touching and are moving very slowly. ...bumper-to-bumper rush-hour traffic.
Velvet	N-MASS Velvet is soft material made from cotton, silk, or nylon, that has a thick layer of short cut threads on one side ...a charcoal-grey overcoat with a velvet collar.
Pigeonhole	N-COUNT A pigeonhole is one of the sections in a frame on a wall where letters and messages can be left for someone, or one of the sections in a writing desk where you can keep documents. 2 V-T To pigeonhole someone or something means to decide that they belong to a particular class or category, often without considering all their qualities or characteristics. He felt they had pigeonholed him.
Pigeonhole	N-COUNT A pigeonhole is one of the sections in a frame on a wall where letters and messages can be left for someone, or one of the sections in a writing desk where you can keep documents. 2 V-T To pigeonhole someone or something means to decide that they belong to a particular class or category, often without considering all their qualities or characteristics. He felt they had pigeonholed him.
Joist	N-COUNT Joists are long thick pieces of metal, wood, or concrete that form part of the structure of a building, usually to support a floor or ceiling.
Enigmatic	ˌɛnɪɡˈmætɪk/ 1 ADJ Someone or something that is enigmatic is mysterious and difficult to understand. She starred in one of Welles's most enigmatic films. 2 ADV "Corbiere didn't deserve this," she said enigmatically. enigmatically
Superior	ADJ If one thing or person is superior to another, the first is better than the second. We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends. 2 N-UNCOUNT The technical superiority of laser discs over tape is well established. superiority 3 ADJ If you describe something as superior, you mean that it is good, and better than other things of the same kind. A few years ago it was virtually impossible to find superior quality coffee in local shops. 4 ADJ A superior person or thing is more important than another person or thing in the same organization or system. ...negotiations between the mutineers and their superior officers. 5 N-COUNT Your superior in an organization that you work for is a person who has a higher rank than you. Other army units are completely surrounded and cut-off from communication with their superiors. 6 ADJ If you describe someone as superior, you disapprove of them because they behave as if they are better, more important, or more intelligent than other people. Finch gave a superior smile. 7 N-UNCOUNT ...a false sense of his superiority over mere journalists. superiority 8 ADJ If one group of people has superior numbers to another group, the first has more people than the second, and therefore has an advantage over it. The demonstrators fled when they saw the authorities' superior numbers.
Nausea	N-UNCOUNT Nausea is the condition of feeling sick and the feeling that you are going to vomit. I was overcome with a feeling of nausea.
Ad nauseam	PHRASE If someone does something ad nauseam, they do it repeatedly and over a long period of time so that it becomes annoying or boring. We discussed it ad nauseam.
Patent	N-COUNT A patent is an official right to be the only person or company allowed to make or sell a new product for a certain period of time. P&G applied for a patent on its cookies. He held a number of patents for his many innovations. 2 V-T If you patent something, you obtain a patent for it. He patented the idea that the atom could be split. The invention has been patented by the university. 3 ADJ You use patent to describe something, especially something bad, in order to indicate in an emphatic way that you think its nature or existence is clear and obvious. This was patent nonsense. 4 ADV He made his displeasure patently obvious. patently 5 ADJ open or available for inspection (esp in the phrase letters patent)
Recall	V-T/V-I When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it. Henderson recalled that he first met Pollard during a business trip to Washington. His mother later recalled: "He used to stay up until two o'clock in the morning playing these war games." "What was his name?"—"I don't recall." 2 N-UNCOUNT Recall is the ability to remember something that has happened in the past or the act of remembering it. He had a good memory, and total recall of her spoken words. 3 V-T If you are recalled to your home, country, or the place where you work, you are ordered to return there. The U. S. envoy was recalled to Washington. 4 N-SING Recall is also a noun. The recall of Ambassador Alan Green is a public signal of America's concern. 5 V-T If a company recalls a product, it asks the stores or the people who have bought that product to return it because there is something wrong with it. The company said it was recalling one of its drugs and had stopped selling two others. 6 N-COUNT Recall is also a noun. ...a recall of the laptops due to defective supply parts.
Intensive	ADJ Intensive activity involves concentrating a lot of effort or people on one particular task in order to try to achieve a lot in a short time. ...after several days and nights of intensive negotiations. 2 ADV Caitlin's parents opted to educate her intensively at home. intensively 3 ADJ Intensive farming involves producing as many crops or animals as possible from your land, usually with the aid of chemicals. ...intensive methods of rearing poultry. 4 ADV Will they farm the rest of their land less intensively? intensively
Extensive	ADJ Something that is extensive covers or includes a large physical area. ...an extensive tour of Latin America. 2 ADV Mark, however, needs to travel extensively with his varied business interests. extensively 3 ADJ Something that is extensive covers a wide range of details, ideas, or items. She recently completed an extensive study of elected officials who began their political careers before the age of 35. 4 ADV All these issues have been extensively researched in recent years. extensively 5 ADJ If something is extensive, it is very great. The security forces have extensive powers of search and arrest. 6 ADV Hydrogen is used extensively in industry for the production of ammonia. extensively
Dill	N-UNCOUNT Dill is a herb with yellow flowers and a strong smell. 2 N a fool; idiot
Yield	V-I If you yield to someone or something, you stop resisting them. Carmen yielded to general pressure and grudgingly took the child to a specialist. 2 V-T If you yield something that you have control of or responsibility for, you allow someone else to have control or responsibility for it. He may yield control. 3 V-I If a moving person or a vehicle yields, they slow down in order to allow other people or vehicles to pass in front of them. When entering a trail or starting a descent, yield to other skiers. ...examples of common signs like No Smoking and Yield. 4 V-I If something yields, it breaks or moves position because force or pressure has been put on it. He reached the massive door of the barn and pushed. It yielded. 5 V-T If an area of land yields a particular amount of a crop, this is the amount that is produced. You can also say that a number of animals yield a particular amount of meat. Last year 400,000 acres of land yielded a crop worth $1.75 billion. 6 N-COUNT A yield is the amount of food produced on an area of land or by a number of animals. ...improving the yield of the crop. 7 V-T If a tax or investment yields an amount of money or profit, this money or profit is obtained from it. It yielded a profit of at least $36 million. 8 N-COUNT A yield is the amount of money or profit produced by an investment. ...a yield of 4%. The high yields available on the dividend shares made them attractive to private investors. 9 V-T If something yields a result or piece of information, it produces it. This research has been in progress since 1961 and has yielded a great number of positive results.
Harvest	N-SING The harvest is the gathering of a crop. There was about 300 million tons of grain in the fields at the start of the harvest. 2 N-COUNT A harvest is the crop that is gathered in. Millions of people are threatened with starvation as a result of drought and poor harvests. 3 V-T When you harvest a crop, you gather it in. Rice farmers here still plant and harvest their crops by hand.
Sabbatical	N-COUNT A sabbatical is a period of time during which someone such as a university teacher can leave their ordinary work and travel or study. He took a year's sabbatical from teaching to write a book.
Tollbooth	tollbooth 1 N a booth or kiosk at which a toll is collected
Stall	V-T/V-I If a process stalls, or if someone or something stalls it, the process stops but may continue at a later time. The Social Democratic Party has vowed to try to stall the bill until the current session ends. ...but the peace process stalled. 2 V-I If you stall, you try to avoid doing something until later. Thomas had spent all week stalling over his decision. 3 V-T If you stall someone, you prevent them from doing something until a later time. The shop manager stalled the man until the police arrived. 4 V-T/V-I If a vehicle stalls or if you accidentally stall it, the engine stops suddenly. The engine stalled. 5 N-COUNT A stall is a large table on which you put goods that you want to sell, or information that you want to give people. ...market stalls selling local fruits. 6 N-PLURAL The stalls in a theatre or concert hall are the seats on the ground floor directly in front of the stage. With the balcony blocked off, patrons filled most of the stalls. 7 N-COUNT A stall is a small enclosed area in a room which is used for a particular purpose, for example a shower. She went into the shower stall, turned on the water, and grabbed the soap. 8 N a compartment in a stable or shed for confining or feeding a single animal
Expedite	V-T If you expedite something, you cause it to be done more quickly. We tried to help you expedite your plans.
Infallible	ADJ If a person or thing is infallible, they are never wrong. Although he was experienced, he was not infallible. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...exaggerated views of the infallibility of science. infallibility
Subordinate	N-COUNT If someone is your subordinate, they have a less important position than you in the organization that you both work for. Haig tended not to seek guidance from subordinates. 2 ADJ Someone who is subordinate to you has a less important position than you and has to obey you. Sixty of his subordinate officers followed his example. 3 ADJ Something that is subordinate to something else is less important than the other thing. It was an art in which words were subordinate to images. 4 V-T If you subordinate something to another thing, you regard it or treat it as less important than the other thing. He was both willing and able to subordinate all else to this aim. 5 N-UNCOUNT ...the social subordination of women. subordination
Superior	ADJ If one thing or person is superior to another, the first is better than the second We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends. 2 N-UNCOUNT The technical superiority of laser discs over tape is well established. superiority 3 ADJ If you describe something as superior, you mean that it is good, and better than other things of the same kind A few years ago it was virtually impossible to find superior quality coffee in local shops. 4 ADJ A superior person or thing is more important than another person or thing in the same organization or system ...negotiations between the mutineers and their superior officers. 5 N-COUNT Your superior in an organization that you work for is a person who has a higher rank than you Other army units are completely surrounded and cut-off from communication with their superiors. 6 ADJ If you describe someone as superior, you disapprove of them because they behave as if they are better, more important, or more intelligent than other people Finch gave a superior smile. 7 N-UNCOUNT ...a false sense of his superiority over mere journalists. superiority 8 ADJ If one group of people has superior numbers to another group, the first has more people than the second, and therefore has an advantage over it. The demonstrators fled when they saw the authorities' superior numbers.
Kowtow	V-I If you say that someone kowtows to someone else, you are criticizing them because they are too eager to obey or be polite to someone in authority. See how stupidly they kow-tow to persons higher in the hierarchy.
Novice	N-COUNT A novice is someone who has been doing a job or other activity for only a short time and so is not experienced at it. I'm a novice at these things, Lieutenant. You're the professional. 2 N-COUNT In a monastery or convent, a novice is a person who is preparing to become a monk or nun.
Phlegm	بلغم I have Throat Phlegm
Caste	N-COUNT A caste is one of the traditional social classes into which people are divided in a Hindu society. Most of the upper castes worship the goddess Kali. 2 N-UNCOUNT Caste is the system of dividing people in a society into different social classes. Caste is defined primarily by social honour attained through personal lifestyle.
Castaway	N-COUNT A castaway is a person who has managed to swim or float to a lonely island or shore after their boat has sunk.
Yore	The images provoked strong surges of nostalgia for the days of yore.
Pseudonym	N-COUNT A pseudonym is a name that someone, usually a writer, uses instead of his or her real name. Both plays were published under the pseudonym of Philip Dayre.
Adornment	N-VAR An adornment is something that is used to make a person or thing more beautiful. It was a building without any adornment or decoration. 2 N-UNCOUNT Adornment is the process of making something more beautiful by adding something to it. Cosmetics are used for adornment.
Parable	N-COUNT A parable is a short story, that is told in order to make a moral or religious point, like those in the Bible. ...the parable of the Good Samaritan.
Siesta	N-COUNT A siesta is a short sleep or rest which you have in the early afternoon, especially in hot countries. They have a siesta during the hottest part of the day.
Paraplegic	N-COUNT A paraplegic is someone who cannot move the lower half of their body, for example, because of an injury to their spine. Theoretically, such equipment could help paraplegics regain movement. 2 ADJ Paraplegic is also an adjective. A passenger was injured so badly he will be paraplegic for the rest of his life.
Holier-than-thou	adjective. Britannica Dictionary definition of HOLIER–THAN–THOU. [more holier–than–thou; most holier–than–thou] disapproving. : having or showing the annoying attitude of people who believe that they are morally better than other people. ADJ If you describe someone as holier-than-thou, you disapprove of them because they seem to believe that they are more religious or have better moral qualities than anyone else. He has always sounded holier-than-thou.
Sentimental	ADJ Someone or something that is sentimental feels or shows pity or love, sometimes to an extent that is considered exaggerated and foolish. I'm trying not to be sentimental about the past. 2 ADV Childhood had less freedom and joy than we sentimentally attribute to it. sentimentally 3 ADJ Sentimental means relating to or involving feelings such as pity or love, especially for things in the past. Our paintings and photographs are of sentimental value only.
Vagabond	N-COUNT A vagabond is someone who wanders from place to place and has no home or job.
Vagabond	N-COUNT A vagabond is someone who wanders from place to place and has no home or job.
Departure	1 N-VAR Departure or a departure is the act of going away from somewhere. ...the president's departure for Helsinki. They hoped this would lead to the departure of all foreign forces from the country. 2 N-COUNT If someone does something different or unusual, you can refer to their action as a departure. Such a move would have been a startling departure from tradition.
Ruthless	ADJ If you say that someone is ruthless, you mean that you disapprove of them because they are very harsh or cruel, and will do anything that is necessary to achieve what they want. The president was ruthless in dealing with any hint of internal political dissent. 2 ADV The party has ruthlessly crushed any sign of organized opposition. ruthlessly 3 ADJ A ruthless action or activity is done forcefully and thoroughly, without much concern for its effects on other people. Her lawyers have been ruthless in thrashing out a divorce settlement. 4 ADV Gloria showed signs of turning into the ruthlessly efficient woman her father wanted her to be. ruthlessly
Crass	ADJ Crass behaviour is stupid and does not show consideration for other people. The government has behaved with crass insensitivity.
Hedonistic	ADJ Hedonistic means relating to hedonism. ...an eccentric and flamboyant nobleman with a hedonistic lifestyle. Hedonistic Hedonism is a school of thought that argues that pleasure is the primary or most important intrinsic good. In very simple terms, a hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure (pleasure minus pain).Ethic...
Agnostic	N-COUNT An agnostic believes that it is not possible to know whether God exists or not. Compare . For the last twenty-three or twenty-four years I have been an agnostic.
Camaraderie	N-UNCOUNT Camaraderie is a feeling of trust and friendship among a group of people who have usually known each other for a long time or gone through some kind of experience together. ...the loyalty and camaraderie of the wartime Army.
Philanthropy	N-UNCOUNT Philanthropy is the giving of money to people who need it, without wanting anything in return. ...a retired banker well known for his philanthropy.
Exacerbates	V-T If something exacerbates a problem or bad situation, it makes it worse. Longstanding poverty has been exacerbated by racial divisions. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...the exacerbation of global problems. exacerbation
Feasibility study	N a study designed to determine the practicability of a system or plan
Nihilist	nihilist /nihilist/1someone who rejects all theories of morality or religious belief2an advocate of anarchism Synonyms：anarchist / syndicalist
Deliberation	N-UNCOUNT Deliberation is the long and careful consideration of a subject. In this house nothing is there by chance: it is always the result of great deliberation. 2 N-PLURAL Deliberations are formal discussions where an issue is considered carefully. Their deliberations were rather inconclusive.
Vacillate	V-I If you vacillate between two alternatives or choices, you keep changing your mind. She vacillates between men twice her age and men younger than she. We cannot vacillate on the question of the party's leadership.
Haphazard	ADJ If you describe something as haphazard, you are critical of it because it is not at all organized or is not arranged according to a plan. The investigation does seem haphazard. 2 ADV She looked at the books jammed haphazardly in the shelves. haphazardly
Wicked	ADJ You use wicked to describe someone or something that is very bad and deliberately harmful to people. She described the shooting as a wicked attack.
Inexorable	ADJ You use inexorable to describe a process that cannot be prevented from continuing or progressing. ...the seemingly inexorable rise in unemployment. 2 ADV Spending on health is growing inexorably. inexorably
Scrutinize	V-T If you scrutinize something, you examine it very carefully, often to find out some information from it or about it. Her purpose was to scrutinize his features to see if he was an honest man.
Cresting	1 N an ornamental ridge along the top of a roof, wall, etcc الذروة
Cresting	1 N an ornamental ridge along the top of a roof, wall, etcc الذروة
Parable	N-COUNT A parable is a short story, that is told in order to make a moral or religious point, like those in the Bible. ...the parable of the Good Samaritan.
Hiatus	N-SING A hiatus is a pause in which nothing happens, or a gap where something is missing. Diplomatic efforts to reach a settlement resume today after a two-week hiatus.
Anecdote	N-VAR An anecdote is a short, amusing account of something that has happened. Pete was telling them an anecdote about their mother.
Recipient	N-COUNT The recipient of something is the person who receives it. ...the largest recipient of U.S. foreign aid
Fallible	ADJ If you say that someone or something is fallible, you mean that they are not perfect and are likely to make mistakes or to fail in what they are doing. They are only human and all too fallible. 2 N-UNCOUNT Errors may have been made due to human fallibility. fallibility
Fallible	ADJ If you say that someone or something is fallible, you mean that they are not perfect and are likely to make mistakes or to fail in what they are doing. They are only human and all too fallible. 2 N-UNCOUNT Errors may have been made due to human fallibility. fallibility
Repository	N-COUNT A repository is a place where something is kept safely. A church in Moscow became a repository for police files.
Snippets	N-COUNT A snippet of something is a small piece of it. ...snippets of popular classical music. مقتطفات
Simile	N-COUNT A simile is an expression which describes a person or thing as being similar to someone or something else. For example, the sentences "She runs like a deer" and "He's as white as a sheet" contain similes.
Truism	N-COUNT A truism is a statement that is generally accepted as obviously true and is repeated so often that it has become boring. ...the truism that nothing succeeds like success.
Parole	N-UNCOUNT If a prisoner is given parole, he or she is released before the official end of their prison sentence and has to promise to behave well. Although sentenced to life, he will become eligible for parole after serving 10 years. ...a parole violation. 2 PHRASE If a prisoner is on parole, he or she is released before the official end of their prison sentence and will not be sent back to prison if their behaviour is good. 3 V-T If a prisoner is paroled, he or she is given parole. He faces at most 12 years in prison and could be paroled after eight years.
Peripheral	ADJ A peripheral activity or issue is one that is not very important compared with other activities or issues. Companies are increasingly eager to contract out peripheral activities like training. ...peripheral and boring information. 2 ADJ Peripheral areas of land are ones that are on the edge of a larger area. ...urban development in the outer peripheral areas of large towns. 3 N-COUNT Peripherals are devices that can be attached to computers. ...peripherals to expand the use of our computers.
Peripheral	ADJ A peripheral activity or issue is one that is not very important compared with other activities or issues. Companies are increasingly eager to contract out peripheral activities like training. ...peripheral and boring information. 2 ADJ Peripheral areas of land are ones that are on the edge of a larger area. ...urban development in the outer peripheral areas of large towns. 3 N-COUNT Peripherals are devices that can be attached to computers. ...peripherals to expand the use of our computers.
Reverence	N-UNCOUNT Reverencefor someone or something is a feeling of great respect for them. We stand together now in mutual support and in reverence for the dead.
Perjury	N-UNCOUNT If someone who is giving evidence in a court of law commits perjury, they lie. This witness has committed perjury and no reliance can be placed on her evidence.
Humane	ADJ Humane people act in a kind, sympathetic way toward other people and animals, and try to do them as little harm as possible. In the mid-nineteenth century, Dorothea Dix began to campaign for humane treatment of the mentally ill. 2 ADV Suffering animals should be humanely euthanized on the farm. humanely 3 ADJ Humane values and societies encourage people to act in a kind and sympathetic way toward others, even toward people they do not agree with or like. ...the humane values of socialism.
Competent	ADJ Someone who is competent is efficient and effective. He was a loyal, distinguished and very competent civil servant. 2 ADV The government performed competently in the face of multiple challenges. competently 3 ADJ If you are competent to do something, you have the skills, abilities, or experience necessary to do it well. Most adults do not feel competent to deal with a medical emergency involving a child.
Prominence	N-UNCOUNT If someone or something is in a position of prominence, they are well-known and important. He came to prominence during the World Cup. Crime prevention had to be given more prominence.
Tyrant	N-COUNT You can use tyrant to refer to someone who treats the people they have authority over in a cruel and unfair way. ...households where the father was a tyrant.
Enternch	V-T If something such as power, a custom, or an idea is entrenched, it is firmly established, so that it would be difficult to change it. ...a series of measures designed to entrench democracy and the rule of law. 2 ADJ The recession remains deeply entrenched. entrenched
Enternch	V-T If something such as power, a custom, or an idea is entrenched, it is firmly established, so that it would be difficult to change it. ...a series of measures designed to entrench democracy and the rule of law. 2 ADJ The recession remains deeply entrenched. entrenched
Retirees	N-COUNT A retiree is a retired person. ...retirees who have completely different expectations of what later life might bring.
Dogma	N-VAR If you refer to a belief or a system of beliefs as a dogma, you disapprove of it because people are expected to accept that it is true, without questioning it. Their political dogma has blinded them to the real needs of the country.
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Blue chip stock/share	N-COUNT Blue chip stocks and shares are an investment which are considered fairly safe to invest in while also being profitable. Blue chip issues were sharply higher, but the rest of the market actually declined slightly by the end of the day.
Archaic	ADJ Archaic means extremely old or extremely old-fashioned. ...archaic laws that are very seldom used.
Archaic	ADJ Archaic means extremely old or extremely old-fashioned. ...archaic laws that are very seldom used.
Seldom	ADV If something seldom happens, it happens only occasionally. They seldom speak. I've seldom felt so happy.
Gross	ADJ You use gross to describe something unacceptable or unpleasant to a very great amount, degree, or intensity. The company was guilty of gross negligence. 2 ADV Funding of education had been grossly inadequate for years. grossly 3 ADJ If you say that someone's speech or behaviour is gross, you think it is very coarse, vulgar, or unacceptable. He abused the Admiral in the grossest terms. 4 ADJ If you describe something as gross, you think it is very unpleasant. They had a commercial on the other night for Drug Free America that was so gross I thought Dad was going to faint. 5 ADJ If you describe someone as gross, you mean that they are extremely fat and unattractive. I only resist things like chocolate if I feel really gross. 6 ADJ Gross means the total amount of something, especially money, before any has been taken away. ...a fixed rate account guaranteeing 10.4% gross interest or 7.8% net until October. 7 ADV Gross is also an adverb. Interest is paid gross, rather than having tax deducted. 8 ADJ Gross means the total amount of something, after all the relevant amounts have been added together. Gross sales reached nearly $2 million a year. 9 V-T If a person or a business grosses a particular amount of money, they earn that amount of money before tax has been taken away. The company grossed $16.8 million last year. 10 NUM A gross is a group of 144 things. In all honesty he could not have justified ordering more than twelve gross of the disks.
Keen	ADJ If you say that someone has a keen mind, you mean that they are very clever and aware of what is happening around them. They described him as a man of keen intellect. 2 ADV They're keenly aware that whatever they decide will set a precedent. keenly 3 ADJ If you have a keen eye or ear, you are able to notice things that are difficult to detect. ...an amateur artist with a keen eye for detail. 4 ADV Charles listened keenly. keenly 5 ADJ A keen interest or emotion is one that is very intense. He had retained a keen interest in the progress of the work. 6 ADV She remained keenly interested in international affairs. keenly 7 ADJ If you are keen on doing something, you very much want to do it. You're not keen on going, are you? 8 N-UNCOUNT ...Doyle's keenness to please. keenness 9 ADJ If you are keen on something, you like it a lot and are very enthusiastic about it. I wasn't too keen on physics and chemistry. 10 ADJ You use keen to indicate that someone has a lot of enthusiasm for a particular activity and spends a lot of time doing it. She was a keen amateur photographer. 11 ADJ A keen fight or competition is one in which the competitors are all trying very hard to win, and it is not easy to predict who will win. 12 ADV The contest should be very keenly fought. keenly 13 V to lament the dead
Keen	ADJ If you say that someone has a keen mind, you mean that they are very clever and aware of what is happening around them. They described him as a man of keen intellect. 2 ADV They're keenly aware that whatever they decide will set a precedent. keenly 3 ADJ If you have a keen eye or ear, you are able to notice things that are difficult to detect. ...an amateur artist with a keen eye for detail. 4 ADV Charles listened keenly. keenly 5 ADJ A keen interest or emotion is one that is very intense. He had retained a keen interest in the progress of the work. 6 ADV She remained keenly interested in international affairs. keenly 7 ADJ If you are keen on doing something, you very much want to do it. You're not keen on going, are you? 8 N-UNCOUNT ...Doyle's keenness to please. keenness 9 ADJ If you are keen on something, you like it a lot and are very enthusiastic about it. I wasn't too keen on physics and chemistry. 10 ADJ You use keen to indicate that someone has a lot of enthusiasm for a particular activity and spends a lot of time doing it. She was a keen amateur photographer. 11 ADJ A keen fight or competition is one in which the competitors are all trying very hard to win, and it is not easy to predict who will win. 12 ADV The contest should be very keenly fought. keenly 13 V to lament the dead
Apprentice	N-COUNT An apprentice is a young person who works for someone in order to learn their skill. I started off as an apprentice and worked my way up. 2 V-T If a young person is apprenticed to someone, they go to work for them in order to learn their skill. I was apprenticed to a plumber when I was fourteen.
Embellished	V-T If something is embellished with decorative features or patterns, it has those features or patterns on it and they make it look more attractive. The boat was embellished with carvings in red and blue. Ivy leaves embellish the front of the dresser. 2 V-T If you embellish a story, you make it more interesting by adding details that may be untrue. I launched into the parable, embellishing the story with invented dialogue and extra details.
Embellished	V-T If something is embellished with decorative features or patterns, it has those features or patterns on it and they make it look more attractive. The boat was embellished with carvings in red and blue. Ivy leaves embellish the front of the dresser. 2 V-T If you embellish a story, you make it more interesting by adding details that may be untrue. I launched into the parable, embellishing the story with invented dialogue and extra details.
CPA	N-COUNT CPA is an abbreviation for . certified public accountant He is a CPA in both New York and New Jersey.
CPA	N-COUNT CPA is an abbreviation for . certified public accountant He is a CPA in both New York and New Jersey.
Auditor	N-COUNT An auditor is an accountant who officially examines the accounts of organizations.
CPA	N-COUNT CPA is an abbreviation for . certified public accountant He is a CPA in both New York and New Jersey.
Auditor	N-COUNT An auditor is an accountant who officially examines the accounts of organizations.
CFO	Cfo The chief financial officer (CFO) or chief financial and operating officer (CFOO) is a corporate officer primarily responsible for managing the financial risks of the corporation. This officer is also...
Strep	N-UNCOUNT Strep or strep throat is an illness that is caused by bacteria and which gives you a fever and a very sore throat. Nicola got her prescription for strep. I have strep throat.
Counterfeit	ADJ Counterfeit money, goods, or documents are not genuine, but have been made to look exactly like genuine ones in order to deceive people. He admitted possessing and delivering counterfeit currency. 2 N-COUNT Counterfeit is also a noun. Levi Strauss says counterfeits of the company's jeans are flooding Europe. 3 V-T If someone counterfeits something, they make a version of it that is not genuine but has been made to look genuine in order to deceive people. ...the coins Davies is alleged to have counterfeited.
Salvation	N-UNCOUNT In Christianity, salvation is the fact that Christ has saved a person from evil. The church's message of salvation has changed the lives of many. 2 N-UNCOUNT The salvation of someone or something is the act of saving them from harm, destruction, or an unpleasant situation. ...those whose marriages are beyond salvation. 3 N-SING If someone or something is your salvation, they are responsible for saving you from harm, destruction, or an unpleasant situation. The country's salvation lies in forcing through democratic reforms.
Salvation	N-UNCOUNT In Christianity, salvation is the fact that Christ has saved a person from evil. The church's message of salvation has changed the lives of many. 2 N-UNCOUNT The salvation of someone or something is the act of saving them from harm, destruction, or an unpleasant situation. ...those whose marriages are beyond salvation. 3 N-SING If someone or something is your salvation, they are responsible for saving you from harm, destruction, or an unpleasant situation. The country's salvation lies in forcing through democratic reforms.
Con	V-T If someone cons you, they persuade you to do something or believe something by telling you things that are not true. He claimed that the businessman had conned him of $10,000. White conned his way into a job as a warehouseman with Dutch airline, KLM. 2 N-COUNT A con is a trick in which someone deceives you by telling you something that is not true. Snacks that offer miraculous weight loss are a con. 3 N-COUNT an argument or vote against a proposal, motion, etc 4 N-COUNT convict→short for convict 5 PREP with 6 pros and cons→see pro
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Obedient	ADJ A person or animal who is obedient does what they are told to do. He was very respectful at home and obedient to his parents. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...unquestioning obedience to the law. obedience
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Obedient	ADJ A person or animal who is obedient does what they are told to do. He was very respectful at home and obedient to his parents. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...unquestioning obedience to the law. obedience
Implicit	ADJ Something that is implicit is expressed in an indirect way. ...an implicit warning to the Moroccans not to continue or repeat the military actions they began a week ago. 2 ADV The jury implicitly criticized the government by their verdict. implicitly 3 ADJ If a quality or element is implicit in something, it is involved in it or is shown by it. Trust is implicit in the system. 4 ADJ If you say that someone has an implicit belief or faith in something, you mean that they have complete faith in it and no doubts at all. He had implicit faith in the noble intentions of the Emperor. 5 ADV I trust him implicitly. implicitly
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Obedient	ADJ A person or animal who is obedient does what they are told to do. He was very respectful at home and obedient to his parents. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...unquestioning obedience to the law. obedience
Implicit	ADJ Something that is implicit is expressed in an indirect way. ...an implicit warning to the Moroccans not to continue or repeat the military actions they began a week ago. 2 ADV The jury implicitly criticized the government by their verdict. implicitly 3 ADJ If a quality or element is implicit in something, it is involved in it or is shown by it. Trust is implicit in the system. 4 ADJ If you say that someone has an implicit belief or faith in something, you mean that they have complete faith in it and no doubts at all. He had implicit faith in the noble intentions of the Emperor. 5 ADV I trust him implicitly. implicitly
Explicit	ADJ Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything. Sexually explicit scenes in movies and books were taboo under the old regime. 2 ADV The play was the first commercially successful work dealing explicitly with homosexuality. explicitly 3 ADJ If you are explicit about something, you speak about it very openly and clearly. He was explicit about his intention to overhaul the party's internal voting system. 4 ADV She has been talking very explicitly about AIDS to these groups. explicitly
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Obedient	ADJ A person or animal who is obedient does what they are told to do. He was very respectful at home and obedient to his parents. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...unquestioning obedience to the law. obedience
Implicit	ADJ Something that is implicit is expressed in an indirect way. ...an implicit warning to the Moroccans not to continue or repeat the military actions they began a week ago. 2 ADV The jury implicitly criticized the government by their verdict. implicitly 3 ADJ If a quality or element is implicit in something, it is involved in it or is shown by it. Trust is implicit in the system. 4 ADJ If you say that someone has an implicit belief or faith in something, you mean that they have complete faith in it and no doubts at all. He had implicit faith in the noble intentions of the Emperor. 5 ADV I trust him implicitly. implicitly
Explicit	ADJ Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything. Sexually explicit scenes in movies and books were taboo under the old regime. 2 ADV The play was the first commercially successful work dealing explicitly with homosexuality. explicitly 3 ADJ If you are explicit about something, you speak about it very openly and clearly. He was explicit about his intention to overhaul the party's internal voting system. 4 ADV She has been talking very explicitly about AIDS to these groups. explicitly
Subjective	ADJ Something that is subjective is based on personal opinions and feelings rather than on facts. We know that taste in art is a subjective matter. 2 ADV Our preliminary results suggest that people do subjectively find the speech clearer. subjectively
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Obedient	ADJ A person or animal who is obedient does what they are told to do. He was very respectful at home and obedient to his parents. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...unquestioning obedience to the law. obedience
Implicit	ADJ Something that is implicit is expressed in an indirect way. ...an implicit warning to the Moroccans not to continue or repeat the military actions they began a week ago. 2 ADV The jury implicitly criticized the government by their verdict. implicitly 3 ADJ If a quality or element is implicit in something, it is involved in it or is shown by it. Trust is implicit in the system. 4 ADJ If you say that someone has an implicit belief or faith in something, you mean that they have complete faith in it and no doubts at all. He had implicit faith in the noble intentions of the Emperor. 5 ADV I trust him implicitly. implicitly
Explicit	ADJ Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything. Sexually explicit scenes in movies and books were taboo under the old regime. 2 ADV The play was the first commercially successful work dealing explicitly with homosexuality. explicitly 3 ADJ If you are explicit about something, you speak about it very openly and clearly. He was explicit about his intention to overhaul the party's internal voting system. 4 ADV She has been talking very explicitly about AIDS to these groups. explicitly
Subjective	ADJ Something that is subjective is based on personal opinions and feelings rather than on facts. We know that taste in art is a subjective matter. 2 ADV Our preliminary results suggest that people do subjectively find the speech clearer. subjectively
Objective	N-COUNT Your objective is what you are trying to achieve Our main objective was the recovery of the child safe and well. 2 ADJ Objective information is based on facts He had no objective evidence that anything extraordinary was happening. 3 ADV We simply want to inform people objectively about events. objectively 4 ADJ If someone is objective, they base their opinions on facts rather than on their personal feelings I believe that a journalist should be completely objective. 5 ADV Try to view situations more objectively, especially with regard to work. objectively
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Obedient	ADJ A person or animal who is obedient does what they are told to do. He was very respectful at home and obedient to his parents. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...unquestioning obedience to the law. obedience
Implicit	ADJ Something that is implicit is expressed in an indirect way. ...an implicit warning to the Moroccans not to continue or repeat the military actions they began a week ago. 2 ADV The jury implicitly criticized the government by their verdict. implicitly 3 ADJ If a quality or element is implicit in something, it is involved in it or is shown by it. Trust is implicit in the system. 4 ADJ If you say that someone has an implicit belief or faith in something, you mean that they have complete faith in it and no doubts at all. He had implicit faith in the noble intentions of the Emperor. 5 ADV I trust him implicitly. implicitly
Explicit	ADJ Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything. Sexually explicit scenes in movies and books were taboo under the old regime. 2 ADV The play was the first commercially successful work dealing explicitly with homosexuality. explicitly 3 ADJ If you are explicit about something, you speak about it very openly and clearly. He was explicit about his intention to overhaul the party's internal voting system. 4 ADV She has been talking very explicitly about AIDS to these groups. explicitly
Subjective	ADJ Something that is subjective is based on personal opinions and feelings rather than on facts. We know that taste in art is a subjective matter. 2 ADV Our preliminary results suggest that people do subjectively find the speech clearer. subjectively
Objective	N-COUNT Your objective is what you are trying to achieve Our main objective was the recovery of the child safe and well. 2 ADJ Objective information is based on facts He had no objective evidence that anything extraordinary was happening. 3 ADV We simply want to inform people objectively about events. objectively 4 ADJ If someone is objective, they base their opinions on facts rather than on their personal feelings I believe that a journalist should be completely objective. 5 ADV Try to view situations more objectively, especially with regard to work. objectively
Astute	ADJ If you describe someone as astute, you think they show an understanding of behaviour and situations, and are skilful at using this knowledge to their own advantage. She was politically astute.
Volatile	ADJ A situation that is volatile is likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly. There have been riots before and the situation is volatile. 2 ADJ If someone is volatile, their mood often changes quickly. He accompanied the volatile actress to Hollywood the following year. 3 ADJ A volatile liquid or substance is one that will quickly change into a gas. The blast occurred when volatile chemicals exploded.
Aggregate	ADJ An aggregate amount or score is made up of several smaller amounts or scores added together. The rate of growth of GNP will depend upon the rate of growth of aggregate demand.
Obedient	ADJ A person or animal who is obedient does what they are told to do. He was very respectful at home and obedient to his parents. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...unquestioning obedience to the law. obedience
Implicit	ADJ Something that is implicit is expressed in an indirect way. ...an implicit warning to the Moroccans not to continue or repeat the military actions they began a week ago. 2 ADV The jury implicitly criticized the government by their verdict. implicitly 3 ADJ If a quality or element is implicit in something, it is involved in it or is shown by it. Trust is implicit in the system. 4 ADJ If you say that someone has an implicit belief or faith in something, you mean that they have complete faith in it and no doubts at all. He had implicit faith in the noble intentions of the Emperor. 5 ADV I trust him implicitly. implicitly
Explicit	ADJ Something that is explicit is expressed or shown clearly and openly, without any attempt to hide anything. Sexually explicit scenes in movies and books were taboo under the old regime. 2 ADV The play was the first commercially successful work dealing explicitly with homosexuality. explicitly 3 ADJ If you are explicit about something, you speak about it very openly and clearly. He was explicit about his intention to overhaul the party's internal voting system. 4 ADV She has been talking very explicitly about AIDS to these groups. explicitly
Subjective	ADJ Something that is subjective is based on personal opinions and feelings rather than on facts. We know that taste in art is a subjective matter. 2 ADV Our preliminary results suggest that people do subjectively find the speech clearer. subjectively
Objective	N-COUNT Your objective is what you are trying to achieve Our main objective was the recovery of the child safe and well. 2 ADJ Objective information is based on facts He had no objective evidence that anything extraordinary was happening. 3 ADV We simply want to inform people objectively about events. objectively 4 ADJ If someone is objective, they base their opinions on facts rather than on their personal feelings I believe that a journalist should be completely objective. 5 ADV Try to view situations more objectively, especially with regard to work. objectively
Astute	ADJ If you describe someone as astute, you think they show an understanding of behaviour and situations, and are skilful at using this knowledge to their own advantage. She was politically astute.
Consolidate	V-T If you consolidate something that you have, for example power or success, you strengthen it so that it becomes more effective or secure. The question is: will the junta consolidate its power by force? 2 V-T To consolidate a number of small groups or companies means to make them into one large organization. Judge Charles Schwartz is giving the state 60 days to disband and consolidate Louisiana's four higher education boards.
Confabulation	N-COUNT A confab is an informal, private conversation. How about coming over for a little confab? confabulation /confabulation/1an informal conversation Synonyms：chat / confab / schmooze / schmoose2(psychiatry) a plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is remembered
IOU	N-COUNT An IOU is a written promise that you will pay back some money that you have borrowed. IOU is an abbreviation for "I owe you."
Due diligence	Due diligence /Due+diligence/1"Due diligence" is a term used for a number of concepts, involving either an investigation of a business or person prior to signing a contract, or an act with a certain standard of care.
Patsy	N-COUNT If you describe someone as a patsy, you mean that they are stupid and are easily tricked by other people, or can be made to take the blame for other people's actions. Davis was nobody's patsy.
Luring	V-T To lure someone means to trick them into a particular place or to trick them into doing something that they should not do. He lured her to his home and shot her with his father's gun. They did not realize that they were being lured into a trap. 2 N-COUNT A lure is an object which is used to attract animals, especially fish, so that they can be caught. 3 N-COUNT A lure is an attractive quality that something has, or something that you find attractive. The excitement of hunting big game in Africa has been a lure to Europeans for 200 years.
Inflammation	N-VAR An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, or illness. The drug can cause inflammation of the liver.
Epilepsy	N-UNCOUNT Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes a person to suddenly lose consciousness and sometimes to have seizures. Shawna suffers from epilepsy.
Hurried	ADJ A hurried action is done quickly, because you do not have much time to do it in. ...a hurried breakfast. 2 ADV ...students hurriedly taking notes. hurriedly 3 ADJ A hurried action is done suddenly, in reaction to something that has just happened. There had been a hurried overnight redrafting of the text. 4 ADV The moment she saw it, she blushed and hurriedly left the room. hurriedly 5 ADJ Someone who is hurried does things more quickly than they should because they do not have much time to do them. Parisians on the street often looked worried, hurried, and unfriendly.
Hindsight	N-UNCOUNT Hindsight is the ability to understand and realize something about an event after it has happened, although you did not understand or realize it at the time. With hindsight, we'd all do things differently.
Reluctant	ADJ If you are reluctant to do something, you are unwilling to do it and hesitate before doing it, or do it slowly and without enthusiasm Mr. Spero was reluctant to ask for help. 2 ADV We have reluctantly agreed to let him go. reluctantly
Arbitration	N-UNCOUNT Arbitration is the judging of a dispute between people or groups by someone who is not involved. The matter is likely to go to arbitration.
Parlance	N-UNCOUNT You use parlance when indicating that the expression you are using is normally used by a particular group of people. The phrase is common diplomatic parlance for spying.
Gambit	N-COUNT A gambit is an action or set of actions which you carry out in order to try to gain an advantage in a situation or game. He sees the proposal as more of a diplomatic gambit than a serious defence proposal. Campaign strategists are calling the plan a clever political gambit. 2 N-COUNT A gambit is a remark which you make to someone in order to start or continue a conversation with them. His favourite opening gambit is: "You are so beautiful, will you be my next wife?" Bernard made no response to Tom's conversational gambits.
Deadlock	N-VAR If a dispute or series of negotiations reaches deadlock, neither side is willing to give in at all and no agreement can be made. They called for a compromise on all sides to break the deadlock in the world trade talks.
Rickshaw	N-COUNT A rickshaw is a simple vehicle that is used in Asia for carrying passengers. Some rickshaws are pulled by a man who walks or runs in front.
Fable	N-VAR A fable is a story which teaches a moral lesson. Fables sometimes have animals as the main characters. ...the fable of the tortoise and the hare. 2 N-VAR You can describe a statement or explanation that is untrue but that many people believe as fable. Is reincarnation fact or fable?
Ludicrous	ADJ If you describe something as ludicrous, you are emphasizing that you think it is foolish, unreasonable, or unsuitable. It was ludicrous to suggest that the visit could be kept secret. 2 ADV By Western standards the prices are ludicrously low. ludicrously
Concession	N-COUNT If you make a concession to someone, you agree to let them do or have something, especially in order to end an argument or conflict. We made too many concessions and we got too little in return. 2 N-COUNT A concession is a special right or privilege that is given to someone. Farmers were granted concessions from the government to develop the farms. 3 N-COUNT A concession is an arrangement where someone is given the right to sell a product or to run a business, especially in a building belonging to another business. ...the man who ran the catering concession at the Rob Roy Links in Palominas.
Confrontational	ADJ If you describe the way that someone behaves as confrontational, you are showing your disapproval of the fact that they are aggressive and likely to cause an argument or dispute. The committee's confrontational style of campaigning has made it unpopular.
Reluctant	ADJ If you are reluctant to do something, you are unwilling to do it and hesitate before doing it, or do it slowly and without enthusiasm. Mr. Spero was reluctant to ask for help. 2 ADV We have reluctantly agreed to let him go. reluctantly
Mayor	N-COUNT The mayor of a town or city is the person who has been elected for a fixed period of time to run its government. ...the new mayor of New York.
Mayor	N-COUNT The mayor of a town or city is the person who has been elected for a fixed period of time to run its government. ...the new mayor of New York.
Impasse	N-SING If people are in a difficult position in which it is impossible to make any progress, you can refer to the situation as an impasse. The company says it has reached an impasse in negotiations with the union.
Assuage	V-T If you assuage an unpleasant feeling that someone has, you make them feel it less strongly. To assuage his wife's grief, he took her on a tour of Europe. 2 V-T If you assuage a need or desire for something, you satisfy it. The meat they'd managed to procure assuaged their hunger.
Stalemate	N-VAR Stalemate is a situation in which neither side in an argument or contest can win or in which no progress is possible. The proportional representation system was widely blamed for two inconclusive election results and a year of political stalemate.
Stalemate	N-VAR Stalemate is a situation in which neither side in an argument or contest can win or in which no progress is possible. The proportional representation system was widely blamed for two inconclusive election results and a year of political stalemate.
Hostility	N-UNCOUNT Hostility is unfriendly or aggressive behaviour toward people or ideas. The last decade has witnessed a serious rise in the levels of racism and hostility to black and ethnic groups. 2 N-UNCOUNT Your hostility to something you do not approve of is your opposition to it. There is hostility among traditionalists to this method of teaching history.
Cinch	N-SING If you say that something is a cinch, you mean that you think it is very easy to do. It sounds difficult, but compared to full-time work it was a cinch. 2 N-SING a card game in which the five of trumps ranks highest
Expedient	N-COUNT An expedient is an action that achieves a particular purpose, but may not be morally right. The curfew regulation is a temporary expedient made necessary by a sudden emergency. 2 ADJ If it is expedient to do something, it is useful or convenient to do it, even though it may not be morally right. Governments frequently ignore human rights abuses in other countries if it is politically expedient to do so.
Expedient	N-COUNT An expedient is an action that achieves a particular purpose, but may not be morally right. The curfew regulation is a temporary expedient made necessary by a sudden emergency. 2 ADJ If it is expedient to do something, it is useful or convenient to do it, even though it may not be morally right. Governments frequently ignore human rights abuses in other countries if it is politically expedient to do so.
Decoy	N-COUNT If you refer to something or someone as a decoy, you mean that they are intended to attract people's attention and deceive them, for example, by leading them into a trap or away from a particular place. A plane was waiting at the airport with its engines running but this was just one of the decoys.
Freight	N-UNCOUNT Freight is the movement of goods by trucks, trains, ships, or aeroplanes. France derives 16% of revenue from air freight. 2 N-UNCOUNT Freight is goods that are transported by trucks, trains, ships, or aeroplanes. ...26 tons of freight.
Nihilistic	ADJ If you describe someone as nihilistic, you mean they do not trust political and religious authority and place their faith in the individual. She exhibited none of the narcissistic and nihilistic tendencies of her peers.
Nihilistic	ADJ If you describe someone as nihilistic, you mean they do not trust political and religious authority and place their faith in the individual. She exhibited none of the narcissistic and nihilistic tendencies of her peers.
Erroneous	ADJ Beliefs, opinions, or methods that are erroneous are incorrect or only partly correct. Some people have the erroneous notion that one can contract AIDS by giving blood. 2 ADV It had been widely and erroneously reported that Armstrong had refused to give evidence. erroneously
Remit	V-T If you remit money to someone, you send it to them. Many immigrants regularly remit money to their families.
Perpetrates	V-T If someone perpetrates a crime or any other immoral or harmful act, they do it. A high proportion of crime in any country is perpetrated by young males in their teens and twenties. 2 N-COUNT The perpetrator of the crime does not have to be traced before you can claim compensation. perpetrator
Surreptitious	ADJ A surreptitious action is done secretly. He made a surreptitious entrance to the club through the little door in the brick wall. 2 ADV Surreptitiously Mark looked at his watch. surreptitiously
Neophyte	N-COUNT A neophyte is someone who is new to a particular activity. ...the self-proclaimed political neophyte Ross Perot.
Courtesy	N-UNCOUNT Courtesy is politeness, respect, and consideration for others. ...a gentleman who behaves with the utmost courtesy towards ladies. 2 N-SING If you refer to the courtesy of doing something, you are referring to a polite action. By extending the courtesy of a phone call to my clients, I was building a personal relationship with them. 3 ADJ Courtesy is used to describe services that are provided free of charge by an organization to its customers, or to the general public. A courtesy shuttle bus operates between the hotel and the town. 4 ADJ A courtesy call or a courtesy visit is a formal visit that you pay someone as a way of showing them politeness or respect. The president paid a courtesy call on Emperor Akihito. 5 PHRASE If something is provided courtesy of someone or by courtesy of someone, they provide it. You often use this expression in order to thank them. The waitress brings over some congratulatory glasses of champagne, courtesy of the restaurant.
Binding	ADJ A binding promise, agreement, or decision must be obeyed or carried out. ...proposals for a legally binding commitment on nations to stabilize emissions of carbon dioxide. 2 N-VAR The binding of a book is its cover. Its books are noted for the quality of their paper and bindings. 3 N-VAR Binding is a strip of material that you put around the edge of a piece of cloth or other object in order to protect or decorate it. ...the Regency mahogany dining table with satinwood binding.
Frugal	ADJ People who are frugal or who live frugal lives do not spend much money on themselves. She lives a frugal life. 2 N-UNCOUNT We must practise the strictest frugality and economy. frugality 3 ADJ A frugal meal is small and not expensive. The diet was frugal: cheese and water, rice and beans.
Scarcity	N-VAR If there is a scarcity of something, there is not enough of it for the people who need it or want it. ...an ever increasing scarcity of water.
Scarcity	N-VAR If there is a scarcity of something, there is not enough of it for the people who need it or want it. ...an ever increasing scarcity of water.
Hedge fund	N-COUNT A hedge fund is an investment fund that invests large amounts of money using methods that involve a lot of risk.
Paramount	ADJ Something that is paramount or of paramount importance is more important than anything else. The children's welfare must be seen as paramount.
Paramount	ADJ Something that is paramount or of paramount importance is more important than anything else. The children's welfare must be seen as paramount.
Wry	ADJ If someone has a wry expression, it shows that they find a bad situation or a change in a situation slightly amusing. Matthew allowed himself a wry smile. 2 ADJ A wry remark or piece of writing refers to a bad situation or a change in a situation in an amusing way. There is a wry sense of humour in his work.
Paramount	ADJ Something that is paramount or of paramount importance is more important than anything else. The children's welfare must be seen as paramount.
Wry	ADJ If someone has a wry expression, it shows that they find a bad situation or a change in a situation slightly amusing. Matthew allowed himself a wry smile. 2 ADJ A wry remark or piece of writing refers to a bad situation or a change in a situation in an amusing way. There is a wry sense of humour in his work.
ADJself-deprecating	ADJ If you describe someone's behaviour as self-deprecating, you mean that they criticize themselves or represent themselves as foolish in a light-hearted way. Sharon tells the story of that night with self-deprecating humour.
Succinct	ADJ Something that is succinct expresses facts or ideas clearly and in few words. The book gives an admirably succinct account of the technology and its history. 2 ADV He succinctly summed up his manifesto as "Work hard, train hard and play hard." succinctly
Patriotic	ADJ Someone who is patriotic loves their country and feels very loyal toward it. Winona is fiercely patriotic.
Indiscretion	N-VAR If you talk about someone's indiscretion, you mean that they have done or said something that is risky, careless, or likely to upset people. Occasionally they paid for their indiscretion with their lives.
Brogue	N-SING If someone has a brogue, they speak English with a strong accent, especially Irish or Scots. Gill speaks in a quiet Irish brogue. 2 N-COUNT Brogues are thick leather shoes which have an elaborate pattern punched into the leather.
Beckon	V-T/V-I If you beckon to someone, you signal to them to come to you. He beckoned to the waiter. I beckoned her over. 2 V-I If something beckons, it is so attractive to someone that they feel they must become involved in it. All the attractions of the peninsula beckon. 3 V-I If something beckons for someone, it is very likely to happen to them. The big time beckons for Billy Dodds.
Legitimize	V-T To legitimize something, especially something bad, means to officially allow it, approve it, or make it seem acceptable. They will accept no agreement that legitimizes the ethnic division of the country.
Legitimize	V-T To legitimize something, especially something bad, means to officially allow it, approve it, or make it seem acceptable. They will accept no agreement that legitimizes the ethnic division of the country.
Incontrovertible	ADJ Incontrovertible evidence or facts are absolutely certain and cannot be shown to be wrong. We have incontrovertible evidence of what took place. 2 ADV No solution is incontrovertibly right. incontrovertibly
Intrude	V-I If you say that someone is intruding into a particular place or situation, you mean that they are not wanted or welcome there. The press has been blamed for intruding into people's personal lives in an unacceptable way. 2 V-I If something intrudes on your mood or your life, it disturbs it or has an unwanted effect on it. Do you feel anxious when unforeseen incidents intrude on your day? 3 V-I If someone intrudes into a place, they go there even though they are not allowed to be there. An American officer on the scene said no one had intruded into the space he was defending.
Coercive	ADJ Coercive measures are intended to force people to do something that they do not want to do. The eighteenth-century British Admiralty had few coercive powers over its officers.
Hypnotic	ADJ If someone is in a hypnotic state, they have been hypnotized. The hypnotic state actually lies somewhere between being awake and being asleep. 2 ADJ Something that is hypnotic holds your attention or makes you feel sleepy, often because it involves repeated sounds, pictures, or movements. His songs are often both hypnotic and reassuringly pleasant.
Anachronism	N-COUNT You say that something is an anachronism when you think that it is out of date or old-fashioned. The president tended to regard the Church as an anachronism. 2 N-COUNT An anachronism is something in a book, play, or film that is wrong because it did not exist at the time the book, play, or film is set. The last paragraph contains an anachronism. The Holy Office no longer existed at that time.
Prudent	1 ADJ Someone who is prudent is sensible and careful. It is clearly prudent to take all precautions. 2 ADV I believe it is essential that we act prudently. prudently
Scarcity	N-VAR If there is a scarcity of something, there is not enough of it for the people who need it or want it. ...an ever increasing scarcity of water.
Maternal	ADJ Maternal is used to describe feelings or actions which are typical of those of a kind mother toward her child. She had little maternal instinct. 2 ADJ Maternal is used to describe things that relate to the mother of a baby. Maternal smoking can damage the unborn child. 3 ADJ A maternal relative is one who is related through a person's mother rather than their father. Her maternal grandfather was mayor of Karachi.
Bewildered	ADJ If you are bewildered, you are very confused and cannot understand something or decide what you should do. Some shoppers looked bewildered by the sheer variety of goods for sale.
Consensus	N-SING A consensus is general agreement among a group of people The consensus among the world's scientists is that the world is likely to warm up over the next few decades.
Jigsaw	N-COUNT A jigsaw or jigsaw puzzle is a picture on cardboard or wood that has been cut up into odd shapes. You have to make the picture again by putting the pieces together correctly. Both her children did jigsaw puzzles easily. 2 N-COUNT You can describe a complicated situation as a jigsaw. ...the jigsaw of high-level diplomacy.
Insignia	N-COUNT An insignia is a design or symbol that shows that a person or object belongs to a particular organization, often a military one. The red star was the national insignia of the USSR.
Muster	V-T If you muster something such as support, strength, or energy, you gather as much of it as you can in order to do something. He travelled around West Africa trying to muster support for his movement. 2 V-T/V-I When soldiers muster or are mustered, they gather together in one place in order to take part in a military action. The men mustered before their clan chiefs.
Fetish	N-COUNT If someone has a fetish, they have an unusually strong liking or need for a particular object or activity, as a way of getting sexual pleasure. ...rubber and leather fetishes. ...fetish wear for sexual arousal. 2 N-COUNT If you say that someone has a fetish for doing something, you disapprove of the fact that they do it very often or enjoy it very much. What began as a postwar fetish for sunbathing is rapidly developing into a world health crisis. 3 N-COUNT In some cultures, a fetish is an object, especially a carved object, which is considered to have religious importance or magical powers.
Fetish	N-COUNT If someone has a fetish, they have an unusually strong liking or need for a particular object or activity, as a way of getting sexual pleasure. ...rubber and leather fetishes. ...fetish wear for sexual arousal. 2 N-COUNT If you say that someone has a fetish for doing something, you disapprove of the fact that they do it very often or enjoy it very much. What began as a postwar fetish for sunbathing is rapidly developing into a world health crisis. 3 N-COUNT In some cultures, a fetish is an object, especially a carved object, which is considered to have religious importance or magical powers.
Vigilant	ADJ Someone who is vigilant gives careful attention to a particular problem or situation and concentrates on noticing any danger or trouble that there might be. He warned the public to be vigilant and report anything suspicious. 2 N-UNCOUNT Constant vigilance is needed to combat this evil. vigilance
Deluge	N-COUNT A deluge of things is a large number of them which arrive or happen at the same time. There was a deluge of requests for interviews and statements. 2 V-T If a place or person is deluged with things, a large number of them arrive or happen at the same time. During 1933, Papen's office was deluged with complaints.
Theology	N-UNCOUNT Theology is the study of the nature of God and of religion and religious beliefs. ...questions of theology. 2 ADJ ...theological books. theological
Superb	ADJ If something is superb, its quality is very good indeed. There is a superb 18-hole golf course 6 miles away. 2 ADV The orchestra played superbly. superbly 3 ADJ If you say that someone has superb confidence, control, or skill, you mean that they have very great confidence, control, or skill. With superb skill he managed to make a perfect landing. 4 ADV ...his superbly disciplined opponent. superbly
Sect	N-COUNT A sect is a group of people that has separated from a larger group and has a particular set of religious or political beliefs.
Cult	N-COUNT A cult is a fairly small religious group, especially one which is considered strange. The teenager may have been abducted by a religious cult. 2 N-COUNT The cult of something is a situation in which people regard that thing as very important or special. ...the cult of youth that recently gripped publishing. 3 ADJ Cult is used to describe things that are very popular or fashionable among a particular group of people. Since her death, she has become a cult figure. 4 N-SING Someone or something that is a cult has become very popular or fashionable among a particular group of people. Violence has become a cult among some young men.
Cataclysmic	ADJ A cataclysmic event is one that changes a situation or society very greatly, especially in an unpleasant way. Few had expected that change to be as cataclysmic as it turned out to be.
Dismay	N-UNCOUNT Dismay is a strong feeling of fear, worry, or sadness that is caused by something unpleasant and unexpected. Local politicians have reacted with dismay and indignation. 2 V-T If you are dismayed by something, it makes you feel afraid, worried, or sad. The committee was dismayed by what it had been told. 3 ADJ He was dismayed at the cynicism of the youngsters. dismayed
Enigmatic	ADJ Someone or something that is enigmatic is mysterious and difficult to understand. She starred in one of Welles's most enigmatic films. 2 ADV "Corbiere didn't deserve this," she said enigmatically. enigmatically
Disband	V-T/V-I If someone disbands a group of people, or if the group disbands, it stops operating as a single unit. All the armed groups will be disbanded.
Disillusion	V-T If a person or thing disillusions you, they make you realize that something is not as good as you thought. I'd hate to be the one to disillusion him. 2 N-UNCOUNT Disillusion is the same as . There is disillusion with established political parties.
Ridicule	V-T If you ridicule someone or ridicule their ideas or beliefs, you make fun of them in an unkind way. I admired her all the more for allowing them to ridicule her and never striking back. 2 N-UNCOUNT If someone or something is an object of ridicule or is held up to ridicule, someone makes fun of them in an unkind way. As a heavy child, she became the object of ridicule from classmates.
Dogma	N-VAR If you refer to a belief or a system of beliefs as a dogma, you disapprove of it because people are expected to accept that it is true, without questioning it. Their political dogma has blinded them to the real needs of the country.
Fervor	fervor /fervor/1feelings of great warmth and intensity Synonyms：ardor / ardour / fervour / fervency / fire / fervidness2the state of being emotionally aroused and worked up Synonyms：excitement / excitation / inflammation / fervour
Intensify	V-T/V-I If you intensify something or if it intensifies, it becomes greater in strength, amount, or degree. I jump, intensifying the pain in all my muscles.
Mysticism	N-UNCOUNT Mysticism is a religious practice in which people search for truth, knowledge, and closeness to God through meditation and prayer. As a younger man Harrison was intrigued by Indian mysticism.
Occult	N-SING The occult is the knowledge and study of supernatural or magical forces. Interest in the occult tended toward ceremonial magic rather than witchcraft. 2 ADJ Occult is also an adjective. ...paganism and occult practice.
Occult	N-SING The occult is the knowledge and study of supernatural or magical forces. Interest in the occult tended toward ceremonial magic rather than witchcraft. 2 ADJ Occult is also an adjective. ...paganism and occult practice.
Paganism	N-UNCOUNT Paganism is pagan beliefs and activities. The country swayed precariously between Christianity and paganis
Saucer	N-COUNT A saucer is a small curved plate on which you stand a cup. Rae's coffee cup clattered against the saucer as she picked it up.
Distaste	N-UNCOUNT If you feel distaste for someone or something, you dislike them and consider them to be unpleasant, disgusting, or immoral. He professed a violent distaste for everything related to commerce, production, and money.
Institute	N-COUNT/N-IN-NAMES An institute is an organization set up to do a particular type of work, especially research or teaching. You can also use institute to refer to the building the organization occupies. ...the National Cancer Institute. 2 V-T If you institute a system, rule, or course of action, you start it. We will institute a number of measures to better safeguard the public.
Proselyte	N a person newly converted to a religious faith or sect; a convert, esp a gentile converted to Judaism 2 V →a less common word for proselytize
Proselyte	N a person newly converted to a religious faith or sect; a convert, esp a gentile converted to Judaism 2 V →a less common word for proselytize
Proselytize	V-T/V-I If you proselytize, you try to persuade someone to share your beliefs, especially religious or political beliefs. I assured him we didn't come here to proselytize. Christians were arrested for trying to convert people, to proselytise them.
Beautician	N-COUNT A beautician is a person whose job is giving people beauty treatments such as doing their nails, treating their skin, and putting on their makeup.
Porter	N-COUNT A porter is a person whose job is to carry things, for example, people's luggage at a train station or in a hotel. Our taxi pulled up at Old Delhi station and a porter sprinted to the door. 2 N-COUNT In a hospital, a porter is someone whose job is to move patients from place to place. 3 N-COUNT A porter is a person whose job is to be in charge of the entrance of a building such as a hotel. 4 N a dark sweet ale brewed from black malt
Porter	N-COUNT A porter is a person whose job is to carry things, for example, people's luggage at a train station or in a hotel. Our taxi pulled up at Old Delhi station and a porter sprinted to the door. 2 N-COUNT In a hospital, a porter is someone whose job is to move patients from place to place. 3 N-COUNT A porter is a person whose job is to be in charge of the entrance of a building such as a hotel. 4 N a dark sweet ale brewed from black malt
Disconfirm	V (of a fact or argument) to suggest that a hypothesis is wrong or ill-formulated
Reign	V-I If you say, for example, that silence reigns in a place or confusion reigns in a situation, you mean that the place is silent or the situation is confused. Last night confusion reigned about how the debate, which continues today, would end. 2 V-I When a king or queen reigns, he or she rules a country. ...Henry II, who reigned from 1154 to 1189. 3 N-COUNT Reign is also a noun. ...Queen Victoria's reign.
Peculiar	ADJ If you describe someone or something as peculiar, you think that they are strange or unusual, sometimes in an unpleasant way Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humour. 2 ADV His face had become peculiarly expressionless. peculiarly 3 ADJ If something is peculiar to a particular thing, person, or situation, it belongs or relates only to that thing, person, or situation Punks, soldiers, hippies, and Sumo wrestlers all have distinct hair styles, peculiar to their group. 4 ADV ...a peculiarly American conservatism. peculiarly
Farcical	ADJ If you describe a situation or event as farcical, you mean that it is so silly or extreme that you are unable to take it seriously. ...a farcical nine months' jail sentence imposed yesterday on a killer.
Pluralistic	ADJ Pluralistic means the same as . Our objective is a free, open, and pluralistic society.
Pluralistic	ADJ Pluralistic means the same as . Our objective is a free, open, and pluralistic society.
Claque	N a group of people hired to applaud
Bereavement	N-VAR Bereavement is the sorrow you feel or the state you are in when a relative or close friend dies. When Mary died Anne did not share her brother's sense of bereavement.
Bereavement	N-VAR Bereavement is the sorrow you feel or the state you are in when a relative or close friend dies. When Mary died Anne did not share her brother's sense of bereavement.
Trappings	N-PLURAL The trappings of power, wealth, or a particular job are the extra things, such as decorations and luxury items, that go with it. The family ruled for several generations and evidently loved the trappings of power. 2 N-PLURAL Trappings are a ceremonial harness for a horse or other animal, including bridles, saddles, etc.
Intricacy	N-UNCOUNT Intricacy is the state of being made up of many small parts or details. The price depends on the intricacy of the work.
Ferocious	ADJ A ferocious animal, person, or action is very fierce and violent. By its very nature a lion is ferocious. 2 ADJ A ferocious war, argument, or other form of conflict involves a great deal of anger, bitterness, and determination. Fighting has been ferocious.
Apt	ADJ An apt remark, description, or choice is especially suitable. The words of this report are as apt today as in 1929. 2 ADV ...the beach in the aptly named town of Oceanside. aptly 3 ADJ If someone is apt to do something, they often do it and so it is likely that they will do it again. She was apt to raise her voice and wave her hands about. 4 ADJ An apt student is intelligent and able to understand things easily. She had taught him French and he had been an apt student.
Coalesce	V-I If two or more things coalesce, they come together and form a larger group or system. As the number of moisture droplets increases, they begin to coalesce into small rivulets of fluid. His sporting and political interests coalesced admirably in his writing about climbing.
Yawn	V-I If you yawn, you open your mouth very wide and breathe in more air than usual, often when you are tired or when you are not interested in something. She yawned, and stretched lazily. 2 N-COUNT Yawn is also a noun. Rosanna stifled a huge yawn.
Coalesce	V-I If two or more things coalesce, they come together and form a larger group or system. As the number of moisture droplets increases, they begin to coalesce into small rivulets of fluid. His sporting and political interests coalesced admirably in his writing about climbing.
Yawn	V-I If you yawn, you open your mouth very wide and breathe in more air than usual, often when you are tired or when you are not interested in something. She yawned, and stretched lazily. 2 N-COUNT Yawn is also a noun. Rosanna stifled a huge yawn.
Kin	N-UNCOUNT Kinship is the relationship between members of the same family. The ties of kinship may have helped the young man find his way in life. 2 N-UNCOUNT If you feel kinship with someone, you feel close to them, because you have a similar background or similar feelings or ideas. She evidently felt a sense of kinship with the woman.
Coalesce	V-I If two or more things coalesce, they come together and form a larger group or system. As the number of moisture droplets increases, they begin to coalesce into small rivulets of fluid. His sporting and political interests coalesced admirably in his writing about climbing.
Yawn	V-I If you yawn, you open your mouth very wide and breathe in more air than usual, often when you are tired or when you are not interested in something. She yawned, and stretched lazily. 2 N-COUNT Yawn is also a noun. Rosanna stifled a huge yawn.
Kin	N-UNCOUNT Kinship is the relationship between members of the same family. The ties of kinship may have helped the young man find his way in life. 2 N-UNCOUNT If you feel kinship with someone, you feel close to them, because you have a similar background or similar feelings or ideas. She evidently felt a sense of kinship with the woman.
Philanthropist	N-COUNT A philanthropist is someone who freely gives money and help to people who need it.
Nuance	N-VAR A nuance is a small difference in sound, feeling, appearance, or meaning. We can use our eyes and facial expressions to communicate virtually every subtle nuance of emotion there is.
Agony	N-UNCOUNT Agony is great physical or mental pain. A new machine may save thousands of animals from the agony of drug tests.
Ergonomics	N-UNCOUNT Ergonomics is the study of how equipment and furniture can be arranged so that people can do work or other activities more efficiently and comfortably.
Flourishing	V-I If something flourishes, it is successful, active, or common, and developing quickly and strongly. Business flourished and within six months they were earning 18,000 roubles a day. 2 ADJ Boston quickly became a flourishing port. flourishing 3 V-I If a plant or animal flourishes, it grows well or is healthy because the conditions are right for it. The plant flourishes particularly well in slightly harsher climes. 4 ADJ ...a flourishing fox population. flourishing 5 V-T If you flourish an object, you wave it about in a way that makes people notice it. He flourished the glass to emphasize the point. 6 N-COUNT Flourish is also a noun. He took his cap from under his arm with a flourish and pulled it low over his eyes.
Goalpost	N-COUNT A goalpost is one of the two upright wooden posts that are connected by a crossbar and form the goal in games such as football and hockey.
Absurd	ADJ If you say that something is absurd, you are criticizing it because you think that it is ridiculous or that it does not make sense. That's absurd. It's absurd to suggest that they knew what was going on but did nothing. 2 N-SING The absurd is something that is absurd. Connie had a sharp eye for the absurd. 3 ADV Prices were still absurdly low, in his opinion. absurdly
Synapse	N-COUNT A synapse is one of the points in the nervous system at which a signal passes from one nerve cell to another.
Inferior	ADJ Something that is inferior is not as good as something else The cassettes were of inferior quality. This resulted in overpriced and often inferior products. 2 ADJ If one person is regarded as inferior to another, they are regarded as less important because they have less status or ability He preferred the company of those who were intellectually inferior to himself. 3 N-COUNT Inferior is also a noun. It was a gentleman's duty always to be civil, even to his inferiors. 4 N-UNCOUNT I found it difficult to shake off a sense of social inferiority. inferiority
Churn	N-COUNT A churn is a container which is used for making butter. 2 V-T If something churns water, mud, or dust, it moves it about violently. ...dirt roads now churned into mud by the annual rains. 3 PHRASAL VERB Churn up means the same as . The recent rain had churned up the waterfall into a muddy whirlpool. Occasionally dolphins slap the water with their tails or churn it up in play. 4 V-T/V-I If you say that your stomach is churning, you mean that you feel sick. You can also say that something churns your stomach. My stomach churned as I stood up.
Churn	N-COUNT A churn is a container which is used for making butter. 2 V-T If something churns water, mud, or dust, it moves it about violently. ...dirt roads now churned into mud by the annual rains. 3 PHRASAL VERB Churn up means the same as . The recent rain had churned up the waterfall into a muddy whirlpool. Occasionally dolphins slap the water with their tails or churn it up in play. 4 V-T/V-I If you say that your stomach is churning, you mean that you feel sick. You can also say that something churns your stomach. My stomach churned as I stood up.
Homeostasis	N the maintenance of metabolic equilibrium within an animal by a tendency to compensate for disrupting changes
Churn	N-COUNT A churn is a container which is used for making butter. 2 V-T If something churns water, mud, or dust, it moves it about violently. ...dirt roads now churned into mud by the annual rains. 3 PHRASAL VERB Churn up means the same as . The recent rain had churned up the waterfall into a muddy whirlpool. Occasionally dolphins slap the water with their tails or churn it up in play. 4 V-T/V-I If you say that your stomach is churning, you mean that you feel sick. You can also say that something churns your stomach. My stomach churned as I stood up.
Homeostasis	N the maintenance of metabolic equilibrium within an animal by a tendency to compensate for disrupting changes
CRM	ABBREVIATION for customer relationship management
Indelible	indelible/ɪnˈdɛlɪbəl/ 1 ADJ If you say that something leaves an indelible impression, you mean that it is very unlikely to be forgotten. My visit to India in 1986 left an indelible impression on me. 2 ADV The horrors he experienced are imprinted, perhaps indelibly, in his brain. indelibly 3 ADJ Indelible ink or an indelible stain cannot be removed or washed out. It leaves indelible stains on clothes. The message was written in indelible ink.
Biopsy	biopsy/ˈbaɪɒpsɪ/ 1 N-VAR A biopsy is the removal and examination of fluids or tissue from a patient's body in order to discover why they are ill. James had a biopsy of the tumour over his right ear.
Hindsight	hindsight/ˈhaɪndˌsaɪt/ 1 N-UNCOUNT Hindsight is the ability to understand and realize something about an event after it has happened, although you did not understand or realize it at the time. With hindsight, we'd all do things differently.
Fierce	fierce/fɪəs/ (fiercer, fiercest) 1 ADJ A fierce animal or person is very aggressive or angry. They look like the teeth of some fierce animal. 2 ADV "I don't know," she said fiercely. fiercely 3 ADJ Fierce feelings or actions are very intense or enthusiastic, or involve great activity. Consumers have a wide array of choices and price competition is fierce. The town was captured after a fierce battle with rebels. 4 ADV He has always been ambitious and fiercely competitive. fiercely
Complacency	N-UNCOUNT Complacency is being complacent about a situation. ...a worrying level of complacency about the risks of infection from AIDS.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Parentage	N-UNCOUNT Your parentage is the identity and origins of your parents. For example, if you are of Greek parentage, your parents are Greek. ...children of mixed parentage.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Parentage	N-UNCOUNT Your parentage is the identity and origins of your parents. For example, if you are of Greek parentage, your parents are Greek. ...children of mixed parentage.
Patronage	N-UNCOUNT Patronage is the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity. ...government patronage of the arts in Europe.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Parentage	N-UNCOUNT Your parentage is the identity and origins of your parents. For example, if you are of Greek parentage, your parents are Greek. ...children of mixed parentage.
Patronage	N-UNCOUNT Patronage is the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity. ...government patronage of the arts in Europe.
Peculiar	ADJ If you describe someone or something as peculiar, you think that they are strange or unusual, sometimes in an unpleasant way. Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humour. 2 ADV His face had become peculiarly expressionless. peculiarly 3 ADJ If something is peculiar to a particular thing, person, or situation, it belongs or relates only to that thing, person, or situation. Punks, soldiers, hippies, and Sumo wrestlers all have distinct hair styles, peculiar to their group. 4 ADV ...a peculiarly American conservatism. peculiarly
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Parentage	N-UNCOUNT Your parentage is the identity and origins of your parents. For example, if you are of Greek parentage, your parents are Greek. ...children of mixed parentage.
Patronage	N-UNCOUNT Patronage is the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity. ...government patronage of the arts in Europe.
Peculiar	ADJ If you describe someone or something as peculiar, you think that they are strange or unusual, sometimes in an unpleasant way. Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humour. 2 ADV His face had become peculiarly expressionless. peculiarly 3 ADJ If something is peculiar to a particular thing, person, or situation, it belongs or relates only to that thing, person, or situation. Punks, soldiers, hippies, and Sumo wrestlers all have distinct hair styles, peculiar to their group. 4 ADV ...a peculiarly American conservatism. peculiarly
Varsity	N-VAR The varsity is the main or first team for a particular sport at a high school, college, or university. She has been in the playoffs every year since she made the varsity. They played on varsity two years ago.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Parentage	N-UNCOUNT Your parentage is the identity and origins of your parents. For example, if you are of Greek parentage, your parents are Greek. ...children of mixed parentage.
Patronage	N-UNCOUNT Patronage is the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity. ...government patronage of the arts in Europe.
Peculiar	ADJ If you describe someone or something as peculiar, you think that they are strange or unusual, sometimes in an unpleasant way. Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humour. 2 ADV His face had become peculiarly expressionless. peculiarly 3 ADJ If something is peculiar to a particular thing, person, or situation, it belongs or relates only to that thing, person, or situation. Punks, soldiers, hippies, and Sumo wrestlers all have distinct hair styles, peculiar to their group. 4 ADV ...a peculiarly American conservatism. peculiarly
Varsity	N-VAR The varsity is the main or first team for a particular sport at a high school, college, or university. She has been in the playoffs every year since she made the varsity. They played on varsity two years ago.
Clientele	N-SING-COLL The clientele of a place or organization are its customers or clients. This pub had a mixed clientele.
Curator	N-COUNT A curator is someone who is in charge of the objects or works of art in a museum or art gallery. Peter Forey is curator of fossil fishes at the Natural History Museum.
Memorandum	N-COUNT A memorandum is a written report that is prepared for a person or committee in order to provide them with information about a particular matter. ...a memorandum from the Department of Defense on its role. 2 N-COUNT A memorandum is a short official note that is sent by one person to another within the same company or organization. ...a memorandum sent to all senior UN personnel.
Parentage	N-UNCOUNT Your parentage is the identity and origins of your parents. For example, if you are of Greek parentage, your parents are Greek. ...children of mixed parentage.
Patronage	N-UNCOUNT Patronage is the support and money given by someone to a person or a group such as a charity. ...government patronage of the arts in Europe.
Peculiar	ADJ If you describe someone or something as peculiar, you think that they are strange or unusual, sometimes in an unpleasant way. Mr. Kennet has a rather peculiar sense of humour. 2 ADV His face had become peculiarly expressionless. peculiarly 3 ADJ If something is peculiar to a particular thing, person, or situation, it belongs or relates only to that thing, person, or situation. Punks, soldiers, hippies, and Sumo wrestlers all have distinct hair styles, peculiar to their group. 4 ADV ...a peculiarly American conservatism. peculiarly
Varsity	N-VAR The varsity is the main or first team for a particular sport at a high school, college, or university. She has been in the playoffs every year since she made the varsity. They played on varsity two years ago.
Clientele	N-SING-COLL The clientele of a place or organization are its customers or clients. This pub had a mixed clientele.
Incision	N-COUNT An incision is a sharp cut made in something, for example, by a surgeon who is operating on a patient. The technique involves making a tiny incision in the skin.
Teleology	N the doctrine that there is evidence of purpose or design in the universe, and esp that this provides proof of the existence of a Designer 2 N the belief that certain phenomena are best explained in terms of purpose rather than cause 3 N the systematic study of such phenomena→see also final cause
Teleology	N the doctrine that there is evidence of purpose or design in the universe, and esp that this provides proof of the existence of a Designer 2 N the belief that certain phenomena are best explained in terms of purpose rather than cause 3 N the systematic study of such phenomena→see also final cause
Teleology	N the doctrine that there is evidence of purpose or design in the universe, and esp that this provides proof of the existence of a Designer 2 N the belief that certain phenomena are best explained in terms of purpose rather than cause 3 N the systematic study of such phenomena→see also final cause
Grope	V-I If you grope for something that you cannot see, you try to find it by moving your hands around in order to feel it. With his left hand he groped for the knob, turned it, and pulled the door open. 2 V-T If you grope your way to a place, you move there, holding your hands in front of you and feeling the way because you cannot see anything. I didn't turn on the light, but groped my way across the room. 3 V-I If you grope for something, for example the solution to a problem, you try to think of it, when you have no real idea what it could be. He groped for solutions to his problems.
Clairvoyant	ADJ Someone who is believed to be clairvoyant is believed to know about future events or to be able to communicate with dead people. ...clairvoyant powers.
Clairvoyant	ADJ Someone who is believed to be clairvoyant is believed to know about future events or to be able to communicate with dead people. ...clairvoyant powers.
Precognition	N the alleged ability to foresee future events→see also clairvoyance , clairaudience
Havoc	N-UNCOUNT Havoc is great disorder and confusion. Rioters caused havoc in the centre of the town. 2 PHRASE If one thing plays havoc with another or wreaks havoc on it, it prevents it from continuing or functioning as normal, or damages it. The weather played havoc with airline schedules.
Lethal	ADJ A substance that is lethal can kill people or animals. ...a lethal dose of sleeping pills. 2 ADJ If you describe something as lethal, you mean that it is capable of causing a lot of damage. Amorality and intelligence is probably the most lethal combination to be found within one personality.
Spurious	ADJ Something that is spurious seems to be genuine, but is false. He was arrested in 1979 on spurious corruption charges. 2 ADJ A spurious argument or way of reasoning is incorrect, and so the conclusion is probably incorrect. ...a spurious framework for analysis.
Appendicitis	N-UNCOUNT Appendicitis is an illness in which a person's appendix is infected and painful.
Eradicate	V-T To eradicate something means to get rid of it completely. They are already battling to eradicate illnesses such as malaria and tetanus. 2 N-UNCOUNT ...a significant contribution toward the eradication of corruption. eradication
Thwart	V-T If you thwart someone or thwart their plans, you prevent them from doing or getting what they want. The security forces were doing all they could to thwart terrorists.
Infinitesimal	ADJ Something that is infinitesimal is extremely small. ...mineral substances present in infinitesimal amounts in the soil.
Infinitesimal	ADJ Something that is infinitesimal is extremely small. ...mineral substances present in infinitesimal amounts in the soil.
Speck	N-COUNT A speck is a very small stain, mark, or shape. He has even cut himself shaving. There is a speck of blood by his ear. 2 N-COUNT A speck is a very small piece of a powdery substance. Billy leaned forward and brushed a speck of dust off his shoes.
Locomotive	N-COUNT A locomotive is a large vehicle that pulls a train.
Ensconce	V to establish or settle firmly or comfortably ensconced in a chair
Perpetuating	V-T If someone or something perpetuates a situation, system, or belief, especially a bad one, they cause it to continue. We must not perpetuate the religious divisions of the past.
Juvenile	N-COUNT A juvenile is a child or young person who is not yet old enough to be regarded as an adult The number of juveniles in the general population has fallen by a fifth in the past 10 years. 2 ADJ Juvenile activity or behaviour involves young people who are not yet adults Juvenile crime is increasing at a terrifying rate.
Juvenile	N-COUNT A juvenile is a child or young person who is not yet old enough to be regarded as an adult The number of juveniles in the general population has fallen by a fifth in the past 10 years. 2 ADJ Juvenile activity or behaviour involves young people who are not yet adults Juvenile crime is increasing at a terrifying rate.
Delinquent	ADJ Someone, usually a young person, who is delinquent repeatedly commits minor crimes. ...homes for delinquent children. 2 N-COUNT Delinquent is also a noun. ...a nine-year-old delinquent. 3 ADJ A delinquent borrower or taxpayer is someone who has failed to pay their debts or taxes. ...a legal shortcut to take homes from delinquent borrowers.
Braggart	1 N a person who boasts loudly or exaggeratedly; bragger 2 ADJ boastful
Poise	N-UNCOUNT If someone has poise, they are calm, dignified, and self-controlled. What amazed him even more than her appearance was her poise. 2 V to be or cause to be balanced or suspended 3 N the cgs unit of viscosity; the viscosity of a fluid in which a tangential force of 1 dyne per square centimetre maintains a difference in velocity of 1 centimetre per second between two parallel planes 1 centimetre apart. It is equivalent to 0.1 newton second per square metre
Thy	DET Thy is an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for "your" when you are talking to one person. Honour thy father and thy mother.
Poise	N-UNCOUNT If someone has poise, they are calm, dignified, and self-controlled. What amazed him even more than her appearance was her poise. 2 V to be or cause to be balanced or suspended 3 N the cgs unit of viscosity; the viscosity of a fluid in which a tangential force of 1 dyne per square centimetre maintains a difference in velocity of 1 centimetre per second between two parallel planes 1 centimetre apart. It is equivalent to 0.1 newton second per square metre
Thy	DET Thy is an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for "your" when you are talking to one person. Honour thy father and thy mother.
Harried	V-T If someone harries you, they keep bothering you or trying to get something from you. He is increasingly active in harrying the government in late-night debates. 2 ADJ ...harried businessmen scurrying from one crowded office to another. harried
Poise	N-UNCOUNT If someone has poise, they are calm, dignified, and self-controlled. What amazed him even more than her appearance was her poise. 2 V to be or cause to be balanced or suspended 3 N the cgs unit of viscosity; the viscosity of a fluid in which a tangential force of 1 dyne per square centimetre maintains a difference in velocity of 1 centimetre per second between two parallel planes 1 centimetre apart. It is equivalent to 0.1 newton second per square metre
Thy	DET Thy is an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for "your" when you are talking to one person. Honour thy father and thy mother.
Harried	V-T If someone harries you, they keep bothering you or trying to get something from you. He is increasingly active in harrying the government in late-night debates. 2 ADJ ...harried businessmen scurrying from one crowded office to another. harried
Hurried	ADJ A hurried action is done quickly, because you do not have much time to do it in. ...a hurried breakfast. 2 ADV ...students hurriedly taking notes. hurriedly 3 ADJ A hurried action is done suddenly, in reaction to something that has just happened. There had been a hurried overnight redrafting of the text. 4 ADV The moment she saw it, she blushed and hurriedly left the room. hurriedly 5 ADJ Someone who is hurried does things more quickly than they should because they do not have much time to do them. Parisians on the street often looked worried, hurried, and unfriendly.
Poise	N-UNCOUNT If someone has poise, they are calm, dignified, and self-controlled. What amazed him even more than her appearance was her poise. 2 V to be or cause to be balanced or suspended 3 N the cgs unit of viscosity; the viscosity of a fluid in which a tangential force of 1 dyne per square centimetre maintains a difference in velocity of 1 centimetre per second between two parallel planes 1 centimetre apart. It is equivalent to 0.1 newton second per square metre
Thy	DET Thy is an old-fashioned, poetic, or religious word for "your" when you are talking to one person. Honour thy father and thy mother.
Harried	V-T If someone harries you, they keep bothering you or trying to get something from you. He is increasingly active in harrying the government in late-night debates. 2 ADJ ...harried businessmen scurrying from one crowded office to another. harried
Hurried	ADJ A hurried action is done quickly, because you do not have much time to do it in. ...a hurried breakfast. 2 ADV ...students hurriedly taking notes. hurriedly 3 ADJ A hurried action is done suddenly, in reaction to something that has just happened. There had been a hurried overnight redrafting of the text. 4 ADV The moment she saw it, she blushed and hurriedly left the room. hurriedly 5 ADJ Someone who is hurried does things more quickly than they should because they do not have much time to do them. Parisians on the street often looked worried, hurried, and unfriendly.
Psychic	ADJ If you believe that someone is psychic or has psychic powers, you believe that they have strange mental powers, such as being able to read the minds of other people or to see into the future. The woman helped police by using her psychic powers. 2 N-COUNT A psychic is someone who seems to be psychic. ...her latest role as a psychic who can foretell the future. 3 ADJ Psychic means relating to ghosts and the spirits of the dead. He declared his total disbelief in psychic phenomena.
Finesse	N-UNCOUNT If you do something with finesse, you do it with great skill and style. ...handling momentous diplomatic challenges with tact and finesse.
Clutch	V-T/V-I If you clutch at something or clutch something, you hold it tightly, usually because you are afraid or anxious. I staggered and had to clutch at a chair for support. 2 N-PLURAL If someone is in another person's clutches, that person has captured them or has power over them. Tony fell into the clutches of an attractive American who introduced him to drugs. 3 N-COUNT In a vehicle, the clutch is the pedal that you press before you change gear. Laura let out the clutch and pulled slowly away down the drive. 4 N-COUNT a hatch of eggs laid by a particular bird or laid in a single nest 5 to clutch at straws→see straw
Clutch	V-T/V-I If you clutch at something or clutch something, you hold it tightly, usually because you are afraid or anxious. I staggered and had to clutch at a chair for support. 2 N-PLURAL If someone is in another person's clutches, that person has captured them or has power over them. Tony fell into the clutches of an attractive American who introduced him to drugs. 3 N-COUNT In a vehicle, the clutch is the pedal that you press before you change gear. Laura let out the clutch and pulled slowly away down the drive. 4 N-COUNT a hatch of eggs laid by a particular bird or laid in a single nest 5 to clutch at straws→see straw
Icicle	N-COUNT An icicle is a long pointed piece of ice hanging down from a surface. It forms when water comes slowly off the surface, and freezes as it falls.
Counsel	N-UNCOUNT Counsel is advice. He had always been able to count on her wise counsel. 2 V-T If you counsel someone to take a course of action, or if you counsel a course of action, you advise that course of action. My advisers counselled me to do nothing. 3 V-T If you counsel people, you give them advice about their problems. ...a psychologist who counsels people with eating disorders. 4 N-COUNT Someone's counsel is the lawyer who gives them advice on a legal case and speaks on their behalf in court. Singleton's counsel said after the trial that he would appeal.
Counsel	N-UNCOUNT Counsel is advice. He had always been able to count on her wise counsel. 2 V-T If you counsel someone to take a course of action, or if you counsel a course of action, you advise that course of action. My advisers counselled me to do nothing. 3 V-T If you counsel people, you give them advice about their problems. ...a psychologist who counsels people with eating disorders. 4 N-COUNT Someone's counsel is the lawyer who gives them advice on a legal case and speaks on their behalf in court. Singleton's counsel said after the trial that he would appeal.
Seamstress	N-COUNT A seamstress is a woman who sews and makes clothes as her job.
Paddy	N-COUNT A paddy or a paddy field is a field that is kept flooded with water and is used for growing rice. ...the paddy fields of China.
Tyrannical	ADJ If you describe someone as tyrannical, you mean that they are severe or unfair toward the people that they have authority over. She grew up with a drunken mother and a tyrannical father. 2 ADJ If you describe a government or organization as tyrannical, you mean that it acts without considering the wishes of its people and treats them cruelly or unfairly. ...one of the world's most oppressive and tyrannical regimes.
Tyrannical	ADJ If you describe someone as tyrannical, you mean that they are severe or unfair toward the people that they have authority over. She grew up with a drunken mother and a tyrannical father. 2 ADJ If you describe a government or organization as tyrannical, you mean that it acts without considering the wishes of its people and treats them cruelly or unfairly. ...one of the world's most oppressive and tyrannical regimes.
Indigestion	N-UNCOUNT If you have indigestion, you have pains in your stomach and chest that are caused by difficulties in digesting food
Esophagus	esophagus /esophagus/1the passage between the pharynx and the stomach Synonyms：oesophagus / gorge / gullet
Audacity	N-UNCOUNT Audacity is audacious behaviour. I was shocked at the audacity of the gangsters.
Ostracism	N-UNCOUNT Ostracism is the state of being ostracized or the act of ostracizing someone. ...those who have decided to risk social ostracism and stay on the wrong side of town. ...denunciation, tougher sanctions and ostracism from the civilized world.
Covetous	ADJ A covetous person has a strong desire to possess something, especially something that belongs to another person. Even here a red Lamborghini Diablo sports car attracts covetous stares.
Schadenfreude	/ˈʃaːdənfrɔydə/ 1 N delight in another's misfortune
Schadenfreude	/ˈʃaːdənfrɔydə/ 1 N delight in another's misfortune
Grandiose	ADJ If you describe something as grandiose, you mean it is bigger or more elaborate than necessary. The sad truth is that not one of Tim's grandiose plans has even begun.

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