Mvhs Apbiology Ch. 6 Vocabulary

Front 1

metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones

Back 1

Catabolic

Front 2

metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Back 2

Anabolic

Front 3

the energy of motion

Back 3

kinetic

Front 4

stored energy

Back 4

potential

Front 5

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed

Back 5

1st law of thermodynamics

Front 6

a measure of disorder or randomness

Back 6

entropy

Front 7

the amount of energy available to do work in a cell

Back 7

free energy

Front 8

reactions that occur spontaneously, releasing energy (energy of products is less than reactants)

Back 8

exergonic

Front 9

reactions that acquire free energy from their surroundings (energy of products is greater than reactants)

Back 9

endergonic

Front 10

the use of an exergonic reaction to power and endergonic reaction

Back 10

energy coupling

Front 11

a molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and a chain of 3 phosphate groups; energy is stored in the terminal phosphate bond

Back 11

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 12

the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, energizing the other molecule

Back 12

phosphorylation

Front 13

a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the reaction

Back 13

catalyst

Front 14

a catalytic protein

Back 14

enzyme

Front 15

the energy required to break bonds in reactant molecules, thus allowing a reaction to proceed

Back 15

activation energy

Front 16

the reactant that an enzyme acts upon

Back 16

substrate

Front 17

the small region of an enzyme to which the substrate actually binds

Back 17

active site

Front 18

a slight change in the shape of an enzyme caused by binding with its substrate

Back 18

induced fit

Front 19

nonprotein "helpers" of enzymes that may bind permanently or temporarily to the active site

Back 19

cofactors

Front 20

organic cofactors

Back 20

coenzymes

Front 21

inhibitors that lower enzyme activity by binding to an enzyme's active site, thus blocking the substrate

Back 21

competitive inhibitors

Front 22

inhibitors that change enzyme shape by binding to a region other than the active site of the enzyme

Back 22

noncompetitive inhibitors

Front 23

a receptor site other than the active site on an enzyme to which regulator molecules may bind

Back 23

allosteric site

Front 24

the "switching off" of a metabolic pathway that occurs when its end product inhibits an enzyme in the pathway

Back 24

feedback inhibition

Front 25

occurs when one substrate molecule causes an enzyme to accept additional substrate molecules more readily

Back 25

cooperativity

Front 26

environmental factors that can both increase and decrease enzyme activity

Back 26

temperature and pH

Front 27

the breakdown of an enzyme to a point at which it is no longer functional

Back 27

denaturation

Front 28

the temperature range at which a particular enzyme functions best

Back 28

optimal temperature

Front 29

the pH range at which a particular enzyme functions best

Back 29

optimal pH

Front 30

a molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate groups

Back 30

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Front 31

Change in free energy (G) =

Back 31

Change in total energy (H) minus temperature (T) x entropy (S)

Front 32

a reaction with a positive change in free energy (gain)

Back 32

endergonic

Front 33

a reaction with a negative change in free energy (loss)

Back 33

exergonic

Front 34

Does the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP result in a release or gain of energy?

Back 34

release (-7.3kcal/mol)

Front 35

Is phosphorylation an endergonic or exergonic reaction?

Back 35

endergonic