Mvhs Ap Biology Vocab Ch. 12

Front 1

genome

Back 1

a cells own DNA, or genetifc information

Front 2

chromosomes

Back 2

threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus; contains chromatin

Front 3

somatic cells

Back 3

all body cells except the reproductive cells

Front 4

gametes

Back 4

sperm and egg cells

Front 5

chromatin

Back 5

a DNA-protein complex organized into long thin fibers

Front 6

sister chromatids

Back 6

duplicated chromosomes

Front 7

centromere

Back 7

the narrow waist of a chromosome that connects the two sister chromatids; made of protein

Front 8

cytokinesis

Back 8

the division of the cytoplasm

Front 9

aster

Back 9

mictrotubules that extend from the centromeres in radial rays

Front 10

prophase

Back 10

first subphase of mitosis; chromatin condense, mitotic spindle begins to forms, but the nucleolus and nucleus are still intact

Front 11

prometaphase

Back 11

second sunphase of mitosis; chromosomes appear, nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindles attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

Front 12

kinetochore

Back 12

located at the centromere region that connects the two chromtids

Front 13

metaphase plate

Back 13

imaginary plane that is equidistant btw the spindle's two poles

Front 14

mitotic spindle

Back 14

consist of fibers made of microtubules & accosiated proteins

Front 15

cemtrosome

Back 15

nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules

Front 16

cleavage

Back 16

the pinching of the cytolasm

Front 17

cleavage furrow

Back 17

shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

Front 18

cell plate

Back 18

double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell where the new cell wall forms

Front 19

binary fission

Back 19

the type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the parental chromosome

Front 20

origin of replication

Back 20

the copies of the first replicated region

Front 21

cell cycle control system

Back 21

a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

Front 22

checkpoint

Back 22

a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

Front 23

G"zero" phase

Back 23

nondividing stage

Front 24

cyclin

Back 24

a protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell

Front 25

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Back 25

a protein kinase that is active only when attached tp a particular cyclin

Front 26

MPF

Back 26

protein complex required for a cell t progress from late interphase to mitosis

Front 27

growth factor

Back 27

a protein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide

Front 28

density-dependent inhibition

Back 28

a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

Front 29

anchorage dependence

Back 29

to divide, cells must be attached to a substratum, such as the inside of a culture jar or the extracellular matrix of a tissue

Front 30

transformation

Back 30

the process that converts to a normal cell to a cancer cell

Front 31

tumor

Back 31

a mass of abmormal cells within otherwise normal tissue

Front 32

benign tumor

Back 32

abnormal cells that remain that remain at the original site

Front 33

malignant tumor

Back 33

cancerous cells that can spread and can impair functions

Front 34

metastasis

Back 34

the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site