Mvcc Bio 115 Chap. 8

Front 1

sensory receptors and sensory nerves

Back 1

function of the nervous system

Front 2

integration: information processing

Back 2

function of the nervous system

Front 3

motor activity: efferent nerves

Back 3

function of the nervous system

Front 4

carry information into brain and spinal cord

Back 4

sensory receptors and sensory nerves

Front 5

perception = awareness of sensory input

Back 5

integration: information processing

Front 6

analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

Back 6

integration: information processing

Front 7

signals to muscles and glands (effectors)

Back 7

motor activity: efferent nerves

Front 8

brain

Back 8

structures of the nervous system

Front 9

spinal cord

Back 9

structures of the nervous system

Front 10

nerves

Back 10

structures of the nervous system

Front 11

ganglia

Back 11

structures of the nervous system

Front 12

enteric plexuses

Back 12

structures of the nervous system

Front 13

sensory receptors

Back 13

structures of the nervous system

Front 14

neurons enclosed within skull

Back 14

brain

Front 15

connects to brain and enclosed within spinal cavity

Back 15

spinal cord

Front 16

bundles of many axons of neurons

Back 16

nerves

Front 17

12 pairs of nerves that emerge from brain

Back 17

cranial nerves

Front 18

31 pairs of nerves that emerge from spinal cord

Back 18

spinal nerves

Front 19

groups of neuron cell bodies located outside of brain and spinal cord

Back 19

ganglia

Front 20

networks in digestive tract

Back 20

enteric plexuses

Front 21

monitor changes in internal or external environments

Back 21

sensory receptors

Front 22

brain and spinal cord

Back 22

central nervous system

Front 23

all nervous system structures outside of the central nervous system

Back 23

peripheral nervous system

Front 24

can respond to stimuli and convert stimuli to electrical signals (nerve impulses) that travel along neurons

Back 24

neurons

Front 25

cells that support, nourish and protect neurons

Back 25

neuroglia cells

Front 26

critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons

Back 26

neuroglia cells

Front 27

nucleus and cytoplasm with typical organelles

Back 27

cell body

Front 28

highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

Back 28

dendrites

Front 29

conducts impulse away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle, or gland

Back 29

axon

Front 30

cone-shaped structure that signals start of axon

Back 30

axon hillock

Front 31

contains synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

Back 31

axon terminals

Front 32

has several or many dendrites and one axon

Back 32

multipolar neuron

Front 33

most common type in brain and spinal cord

Back 33

multipolar neuron

Front 34

has one dendrite and one axon

Back 34

bipolar neuron

Front 35

located in retina of eye and inner ear

Back 35

bipolar neuron

Front 36

has fused dendrite and axon

Back 36

unipolar neuron

Front 37

sensory neurons of spinal nerves

Back 37

unipolar neuron

Front 38

sensory (afferent)

Back 38

functional class of neurons

Front 39

motor (efferent)

Back 39

functional class of neurons

Front 40

interneurons (association neurons)

Back 40

functional class of neurons

Front 41

convey impulses into central nervous system

Back 41

sensory (afferent)

Front 42

convey impulses from central nervous system out through the peripheral nervous system to effectors (muscles or glands)

Back 42

motor (efferent)

Front 43

most are within the central nervous system

Back 43

interneurons

Front 44

transmit impulses between neurons, such as between sensory and motor neurons

Back 44

interneurons

Front 45

cells that are smaller but much more numerous than neurons

Back 45

neuroglia

Front 46

can multiply and divide and fill in brain areas

Back 46

neuroglia

Front 47

brain tumors derived from neuroglia

Back 47

gliomas

Front 48

neuroglia do not conduct nerve impulses

Back 48

true

Front 49

neuroglia do support, nourish and protect neurons

Back 49

true

Front 50

neuroglia that help form blood brain barrier

Back 50

astrocytes

Front 51

neuroglia that produce myelin in the central nervous system

Back 51

oligodendrocytes

Front 52

neuroglia the protect the central nervous system cells fro disease

Back 52

microglia

Front 53

neuroglia that form CSF in ventricles

Back 53

ependymal cells

Front 54

neuroglia that produce myelin around peripheral nervous system neurons

Back 54

schwann cells

Front 55

neuroglia that help to regenerate peripheral nervous system axons

Back 55

schwann cells

Front 56

neuroglia that support neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia

Back 56

satellite cells

Front 57

many layers of lipid and protein

Back 57

myelin sheath

Front 58

insulates neurons

Back 58

myelin sheath

Front 59

increases speed of nerve conduction

Back 59

myelin sheath

Front 60

myelin sheath appear white (in white matter)

Back 60

true

Front 61

gaps in the myelin

Back 61

nodes of ranvier

Front 62

nodes of ranvier are important for rapid signal conduction

Back 62

true

Front 63

disease that destroys myelin

Back 63

multiple sclerosis

Front 64

clusters of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system

Back 64

nucleus

Front 65

clusters of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Back 65

ganglion

Front 66

bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system

Back 66

nerve

Front 67

bundle of axons in the central nervous system

Back 67

tract

Front 68

primarily myelinated axons

Back 68

white matter

Front 69

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

Back 69

grey matter

Front 70

white matter (tracts) surrond centrally located grey matter

Back 70

spinal cord

Front 71

grey matter in thin cortex surrounds white matter (tracts)

Back 71

brain

Front 72

axons and dendrites can be repaired if cell body is intact and schwann cells are functional

Back 72

regeneration of peripheral nervous system neurons

Front 73

very limited even if cell body is intact

Back 73

regeneration of central nervous system neurons

Front 74

inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulators

Back 74

regeneration of central nervous system neurons

Front 75

brain

Back 75

central nervous system structure

Front 76

spinal cord

Back 76

central nervous system structure

Front 77

cranial nerves and branches

Back 77

peripheral nervous system structure

Front 78

spinal nerves and branches

Back 78

peripheral nervous system structure

Front 79

ganglia

Back 79

peripheral nervous system structure

Front 80

sensory receptors

Back 80

peripheral nervous system structure

Front 81

somatic (SNS)

Back 81

peripheral nervous system division

Front 82

autonomic (ANS)

Back 82

peripheral nervous system division

Front 83

enteric (ENS)

Back 83

peripheral nervous system division

Front 84

sensory neurons from head, body wall, limbs, special sense organs

Back 84

somatic

Front 85

sensory neurons from viscera

Back 85

autonomic

Front 86

motor neurons to viscera

Back 86

autonomic

Front 87

brain of the gut

Back 87

enteric

Front 88

fight or flight

Back 88

sympathetic

Front 89

rest and digest

Back 89

parasympathetic

Front 90

sympathetic

Back 90

autonomic

Front 91

parasympathetic

Back 91

autonomic

Front 92

motor neurons to skeletal muscle

Back 92

somatic

Front 93

action potential

Back 93

nerve impulse

Front 94

action potentials require a

Back 94

membrane potential

Front 95

action potentials require an

Back 95

ion channel

Front 96

a charge difference across cell membrane

Back 96

membrane potential

Front 97

membrane potential

Back 97

polarization

Front 98

allows ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

Back 98

ion channel

Front 99

allow ions to leak through membrane; there are more for K+ than for Na+

Back 99

leakage channel

Front 100

open and close on command; respond to changes in membrane so can generate and conduct action potentials

Back 100

gated channel

Front 101

an initial even (stimulus) is required for an action potential

Back 101

true

Front 102

if a stimulus is strong enough to cause depolarization to threshold level, the impulse will travel the entire length of the neuron at a constant and maximum strength

Back 102

all-or-none principle

Front 103

in unmyelinated fibers, slower form of conduction

Back 103

continuous conduction

Front 104

in myelinated fibers, faster as impulses leap between nodes of ranvier

Back 104

salatory conduction

Front 105

acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 105

neurotransmitter

Front 106

acetylcholine is stimulatory on

Back 106

skeletal muscles

Front 107

acetylcholine is inhibitory on

Back 107

cardiac muscle

Front 108

amino acids

Back 108

neurotransmitter

Front 109

modified amino acids

Back 109

neurotransmitter

Front 110

neuropeptides

Back 110

neurotransmitter

Front 111

nitric oxide

Back 111

neurotransmitter

Front 112

vertebrae

Back 112

spinal cord structure

Front 113

spinal meninges

Back 113

spinal cord structure

Front 114

outer layer of connective tissue in spinal meninges

Back 114

dura mater

Front 115

middle layer of connective tissue in spinal meninges

Back 115

arachnoid mater

Front 116

inner layer of connective tissue in spinal meninges

Back 116

pia mater

Front 117

fluid circulating in subarachnoid space in spinal meninges

Back 117

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 118

posterior grey horn contains

Back 118

sensory neurons

Front 119

anterior grey horns contain

Back 119

somatic motor neurons

Front 120

lateral grey horns contain

Back 120

autonomic motor neurons

Front 121

tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord that descend from brain

Back 121

motor tracts

Front 122

tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord that ascend to brain

Back 122

sensory tracts

Front 123

fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli

Back 123

reflexes

Front 124

1st step of a reflex arc

Back 124

sensory receptor: resonds to stimulus

Front 125

2nd step of a reflex arc

Back 125

sensory neuron: through dorsal root ganglion and root to the posterior horn

Front 126

3rd step of a reflex arc

Back 126

integrating center: single synapse between sensory and motor neurons

Front 127

4th step of a reflex arc

Back 127

motor neuron: from anterior forn to the ventral root to the spinal nerve

Front 128

5th step of a reflex arc

Back 128

effector: muscle responds

Front 129

peripheral nervous system is composed of

Back 129

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Front 130

nervous system not under conscious control

Back 130

autonomic

Front 131

nervous system regulated by hypothalamus, brainstem

Back 131

autonomic

Front 132

nervous system that supplies nerves to the viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

Back 132

autonomic

Front 133

nervous system that controls skeletal muscle

Back 133

somatic

Front 134

nervous system that has conscious voluntary control

Back 134

somatic

Front 135

sweat glands, many blood vessels and hair muscles only receive these nerves

Back 135

sympathetic

Front 136

increase heart rate and contraction and blood pressure

Back 136

sympathetic effect

Front 137

dilate pupils

Back 137

sympathetic effect

Front 138

dilate airways

Back 138

sympathetic effect

Front 139

dilate vessels to skeletal muscles, heart, liver and adipose tissue

Back 139

sympathetic effect

Front 140

constrict blood vessels to nonessential organs: skin, GI tract, kidneys

Back 140

sympathetic effect

Front 141

mobilize nutrients for energy: glucose and fats

Back 141

sympathetic effect

Front 142

decrease heart rate, airway diamter, pupil diameter

Back 142

parasympathetic effect

Front 143

salivation

Back 143

parasympathetic effect

Front 144

lacrimation

Back 144

parasympathetic effect

Front 145

urination

Back 145

parasympathetic effect

Front 146

digestion

Back 146

parasympathetic effect

Front 147

defecation

Back 147

parasympathetic effect

Front 148

white blood cells and platelets in centrifuged blood

Back 148

buffy coat

Front 149

small protein that the body recognizes as a foreign invader

Back 149

antigen

Front 150

antigen

Back 150

epitope

Front 151

cells that are born and mature in bone marrow

Back 151

B cells

Front 152

part of blood vessel structure that differentiates between arteries and valves

Back 152

middle tunica

Front 153

this layer is not present in capillaries

Back 153

middle tunica