Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
2. 1756-1763 -
|
7 years/ French Indian war
|
|
|
3. 1776 -
|
American revolution occurs: one of the first revolutions, and helped cause other revolutionaries to believe that they could actually succeed.
|
|
|
4. 1776 -
|
Smith Writes “Wealth of Nations”, which outlined the economic idea of capitalism.
|
|
|
5. 1789 -
|
French Revolution. One of the first European revolutions, sparked a series of other attempted revolutions and helped bring napoleon to power. Many aristocrats killed.
|
|
|
6. 1804 -
|
Haiti becomes independent, first nation governed entirely by those of african descent
|
|
|
7. 1815 -
|
Congress of Vienna, tried to restore political balance to Europe after Napoleon’s defeat
|
|
|
8. 1820s-
|
Independence of Latin America (Piece by piece). Included the revolutions of argentina, chile, etc
|
|
|
9. 1839 -
|
First Opium war in china, the Chinese did not want the drug to be brought in to its country.
|
|
|
10. 1848 -
|
European Revolutions
|
|
|
11. 1848 -
|
Marx and Engle write the Communist Manifesto, puts out a new idea of government, communism.
|
|
|
12. 1853-
|
Commodore perry opens Japan, finally allows trade into japan after the seclusion policy
|
|
|
13. 1857-
|
Sepoy mutiny, sparked by the religious beliefs of the muslim and hindu sepoy soldiers, first mildly successful Indian revolt against the british
|
|
|
14. 1861-
|
Russian serfdom ends, Italy is unified
|
|
|
15. 1863 -
|
US emancipation proclamation, african slaves in the US are freed, sort of ends the civil war
|
|
|
16. 1871 -
|
German Unification, this is a plus for germany, but it also allows for the two world wars.
|
|
|
17. 1885 -
|
Berlin conference, Africa is divided into pieces.
|
|
|
18. 1898 -
|
Spanish American war, The United States gains the Philipines, guam, Cuba, and Puerto Rico
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. Industrial Revolution
|
A Series of changes, mainly in the economy of Western Europe between 1740 and the 20th century. These changes were stimulated by rapid population growth, a substantial increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production. Because machines were applied to everything, there was even more food surplus, which caused huge population expansions. Probably single most important change in the last 600 years
|
|
|
2. Enclosure Acts
|
A series of laws by the English parliament which made it illegal for once common rural activities, like grazing cattle on open fields. The acts made it more difficult for ranchers to graze their cattle or sheep.
|
|
|
3. bourgeoisie
|
In early modern Europe, this was the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. Basically, this was the French word for the middle class. Also called burghers, and other such names, these were the individuals who were the working class, but not the agricultural subsistence living groups.
|
|
|
4. urbanization
|
A cultural trend, where individuals began to move from the country into the cities, as a result of the industrial revolution. There were simply more jobs in the cities and less need for work in the country, so people moved from one to the other
|
|
|
5. cholera
|
A disease caused by a bacterium that lives in the gastrointestinal tract. This disease causes watery diarrhea and vomiting. This dehydrates the body within hours and can cause death within hours. has caused a number of pandemics, and was a fairly common deadly illness, though it never rivaled the potency of bubonic plague.
|
|
|
6. Great Trek
|
Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal.
|
|
|
7. Zulu Wars
|
Wars fought in 1879 by the british and zulu empires. The british invaded the African nation, and the people thereof simply would not stop fighting. The wars were ended only by bloodshead
|
|
|
8. Obeah/Candomble/Vodun
|
Polytheistic religions of Africa closely related to what we would refer to as “Voodoo”. African religious ideas and practices in the areas they were slaves.
|
|
|
9. Mfecane
|
Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa
|
|
|
10. American Revolution
|
Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America. Causes: taxation without representation, dislike of british ruling.
|
|
|
11. French Revolution
|
Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.
|
|
|
12. Estates General
|
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
|
|
|
13. National Assembly
|
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789
|
|
|
14. Bastille Day
|
A French national holiday celebrating the storming of the Bastille, which is viewed as the event that uplifted the modern era of france.
|
|
|
15. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
|
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements.
|
|
|
16. Committee of Public Safety
|
Under war conditions and with national survival seemingly at stake, the Jacobins, under Robespierre, centralized government affairs under this committee of twelve members. The committee was responsible for thousands of executions, with many high-profile executions at the guillotine, in what was known as the "Reign of Terror."
|
|
|
17. Reign of Terror
|
A period for over a year after the French revolution in which the Jacobins seized power and began basically executing anyone who didn’t agree with them. Estimates between 16000 and 40000 people dead. Literally, public executions every hour of anyone associated with or supposedly supporting the royalty.
|
|
|
18. Directory
|
Constituted the second to last stage of the French revolution, with five “directors” holding executive power over the nation.
|
|
|
19. Napoleonic Code
|
A French civil code instituted during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified. Stressed clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in establishing the rule of law.
|
|
|
20. Battle of Waterloo
|
Napoleon Bonaparte’s last battle and last campaign, against the joint forces of the English and Prussians. Marks the end of Napoleon’s reign as emperor, and the end of his “hundred day’s return” from exile. Absolutely drained france of people.
|
|
|
21. Congress of Vienna
|
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I, meant to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes.
|
|
|
22. Haitian Rebellion
|
The only African revolt to achieve lasting freedom against Europeans, this was a revolt on saint-dominigue, which eventually ended in the abolition of slavery in this island, and the establishment of the first independent state ruled by African heritage.
|
|
|
23. Louisiana Purchase
|
a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars
|
|
|
24. Revolution of 1848
|
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. Generally refers to those nationalist and liberal movements within France, Germany, and the Habsburg Empire, specifically in Italy, Austria, and Hungary; after temporary success, the revolutions failed
|
|
|
25. nationalism
|
Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe. Closely associated with patriotism
|
|
|
26. Franco-Prussian War
|
Often referred to as the 1870 war, this was a conflict between the second French empire and the kingdom of Prussia, which was basically aided by all of germany. This war was a release of tension that had been steadily building between the two nations, and was sparked by the conflict over the vacant Spanish throne.
|
|
|
27. universal male suffrage
|
The universal right for all men to be able to vote.
|
|
|
28. Dreyfus Affair
|
A political scandal that divided france over the conviction of a man (wrongful conviction) Of spying for the Germans during World War One. he was accused and convicted of treason, and when two years later information proving him innocent was brought forth, he was not let go.
|
|
|
29. free market capitalism
|
|
|
|
30. laissez faire capitalism
|
|
|
|
31. “invisible hand”
|
A term used by economists to describe the self regulating nature of the marketplace. This includes the “supply and demand” regulations, and many other self leveling natures of the market
|
|
|
32. imperialism
|
The practice of one country extending its control over the territory, political system, or economic life of another country
|
|
|
33. manifest destiny
|
Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War
|
|
|
34. Scramble for Africa
|
Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.
|
|
|
35. socialism
|
Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man. These individuals advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties in the late 1800s.
|
|
|
36. communism
|
A social structure similar to socialism in which all classes are removed, and individuals become part of the over lording government. There are no rewards or drops in authority, pay, etc. for either good or bad work. First put forward really by Karl Marx. True communism is classless, stateless, and oppression free. No one has the power to change others. They are all part of the “machine”
|
|
|
37. Factory Act of 1883
|
This act was basically trying to cut down on the abuse of working children in the textile industry. It cut the hours that those children could work every day, and made sure that no minors would work at night.
|
|
|
38. labor unions
|
An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.
|
|
|
39. women’s suffrage movement
|
Very literally, the movement for women to be given the right to vote. This occurred in many countries, where women stood up for themselves as humans and their right as such to be able to have a say in their government.
|
|
|
40. social Darwinism
|
Basically, a belief that the society of humans, now that we are fully developed as a species, should be socially governed by the same principles and series of events that shaped us biologically: survival of the fittest and natural selection
|
|
|
41. Treaty of Kanagawa
|
A treaty between the US and japan that japan would open two of its port cities to US trade. This ended Japan’s two hundred years of isolation (sakoku)
|
|
|
42. joint-stock company
|
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
|
|
|
43. Sepoy Mutiny
|
revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs. Basically, the soldiers were not happy with the common practices of the british military, the equivalent of things being “not kosher”
|
|
|
44. Indian National Congress
|
Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians this group was originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras, and became political party in 1885. This party was the focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.
|
|
|
45. Opium War
|
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China
|
|
|
46. Treaty of Nanjing
|
Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain
|
|
|
47. White Lotus Rebellions
|
Rebellions by impoverished settlers against the Manchu during the Qing dynasty. Was initially led by the White Lotus society, which was dedicated to restoring the genetic ming dynasty to power, and offered personal salvation to its followers.
|
|
|
48. Taiping Rebellion
|
Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. Was also The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire
|
|
|
49. Sino-French War
|
A conflict between china and france over the control of Vietnam. The French ultimately achieved their goal, but the Chinese had many individual military victories
|
|
|
50. Treaty of Shimonoseki
|
A treaty between china and Japan that ended the first Sino Japanese war.
|
|
|
51. spheres of influence
|
The area in which a country or coalition holds full power or influence. In this area, the country has significant military or political influence. Also refers to non geographical power, not necessarily a literal “sphere”
|
|
|
52. Open Door Policy
|
A concept in foreign affairs, specifically a policy with China, basically that any nation could trade directly with china, that there were no limits on trade with that nation.
|
|
|
53. Boxer Rebellion
|
Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials
|
|
|
54. Treaty of Kanagawa
|
Also called Perry Convention (March 31, 1854), Japan's first treaty with a Western nation. Concluded by representatives of the United States and Japan at Kanagawa (now part of Yokohama), it marked the end of Japan's period of seclusion
|
|
|
55. Meiji Restoration
|
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism
|
|
|
56. zaibatsu
|
Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization
|
|
|
57. Russo-Japanese War
|
War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria
|
|
|
58. Boer War
|
Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in South Africa
|
|
|
59. African National Congress
|
South African political organization founded in 1912 to
|
|
|
60. Suez Canal
|
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882
|
|
|
61. emancipation
|
freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child
|
|
|
62. romanticism
|
Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection
|
|
|
63. modernist artists
|
A movement of artists who made a deliberate break with all previous styles of art that had come before them.
|
|
|
64. Treaty of Cordoba
|
established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence.
|
|
|
65. Bloody Sunday
|
a day of high Imperial casualties in the Second Boer War.It occurred on the first day of the Battle of Paardeberg
|
|
|
66. Duma
|
National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution
|
|
|
67. Monroe Doctrine
|
American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade
|
|
|
68. Roosevelt Corollary
|
Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs
|
|
|
69. Panama Canal
|
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000
|
|
|
70. Spanish American War
|
War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
|
|
|
71. caudillos
|
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America
|
|
|
72. Mexican-American War
|
Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States
|
|
|
73. dollar diplomacy
|
a popular term referring to the foreign policy of the William Howard Taft Administration using diplomacy to protect U.S. investments abroad and utilizing economic incentives to uphold or direct foreign policy
|
|
|
74. Muslim League
|
Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan
|
|
|
75. balance of power
|
The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful
|
|
|
76. Tanzimat Reforms
|
'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.
|
|
|
77. millets
|
any of various small-grained annual cereal and forage grasses of the genera Panicum, Echinochloa, Setaria, Sorghum, and Eleusine
|
|
|
78. Muhammad Ali (Egypt)
|
Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all of Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848
|
|
|
79. Middle Kingdom (China)
|
The Chinese name for their country, so called because they believed it was the center of the world.
|
|
|
80. foot binding
|
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
|
|
|
81. Nationalist Party/Kuomintang
|
Nationalist Party in China led by Jiang Jieshi, which began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Both fought for control of China, with Mao and the Communists ultimately winning in 1949
|
|
|
82. Black Hole of Calcutta
|
the guard room in the old Fort William, at Calcutta, India where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British prisoners of war after the capture of the Fort
|
|
|
83. Raj
|
The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government
|
|
|
84. Dutch East India company
|
oint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed
|
|
|
85. Battle of Adowa
|
fought on 1 March 1896 betweenEthiopia and Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray. It was the climactic battle of the First Italo–Ethiopian War
|
|
|
86. Maji Maji revolt/Herero Wars
|
a violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of Tanganyika, an uprising by several Africanindigenous communities in German East Africa against the German rule in response to a German policy designed to force African peoples to grow cotton for export
|
|
|
87. concentration camps
|
a penal camp where political prisoners or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions), used by nazi germans to confine jews, and by united states government to confine Japanese citizens.
|
|
|
1. William Wilberforce
|
A british politician and philanthropist who moved to eradicate the slave trade. He was one of the earliest abolitionists, and eventually managed to get the slave act passed in parliament.
|
|
|
2. Fulani
|
A group of ethnic people, mainly in west Africa, who are typically nomadic, pastoral grazing people.
|
|
|
3. Shaka Zulu
|
The most influential ruler of the zulu kingdom, this man is widely accredited with unifying Many of the northern Nguni people: Kind of like an African Genghis Khan. Considered an administrative and military genius, but his reign was brutal.
|
|
|
4. Leopold II
|
Holy roman emperor 1790-92, Son of the emperor Francis 1. He was born in Vienna and educated for the priesthood. Did very little as grand duke of Tuscany.
|
|
|
5. Afrikaners
|
People of European descent in Africa, mainly in the south, whose language is closely related to dutch. Also called Boers.
|
|
|
6. Liberia
|
An African country unique in its relationship with the United states. The Republic thereof was founded by a group of freed American slaves, with the basic idea of using it as a homeland where freed American slaves could have more liberties. (Think Israel, but for former American slaves)
|
|
|
7. Eli Whitney
|
An American inventor best known for his invention of the cotton gin, an incredibly important tool used to remove the seeds from cotton. This tool made cotton a viable crop, which strengthened the economic standpoint of southern slavery.
|
|
|
8. James Watt
|
A Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who modified the newcomen steam engine to make it more efficient: 80 percent more so. His father was a shipwright.
|
|
|
9. George Stephenson
|
English civil engineer who built the first public railway line to use steam locomotives. He is widely known as the father of railways.
|
|
|
10. Samuel Morse
|
An American portrait painter who was the first to invent the single wire telegraph, and has the universal Clicking code used to transmit information through said telegraph named after him.
|
|
|
11. Alexander Graham Bell
|
A scientist, inventor, and engineer credited with the invention of the first telephone, which allowed direct conversations over long distances without need for translation into morse code
|
|
|
12. Thomas Edison
|
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures
|
|
|
13. Orville and Wilbur Wright
|
Widely credited as the first to build and fly a successful heavier than air airplane. Though they did not actually invent the idea, or launch the first airplane, theirs was the first that was practical, for it had a steering mechanism and could sustain flight for more than a few seconds.
|
|
|
14. Gottlieb Daimler
|
An engineer from germany who invented the first internal combustion engine, which is now used to power nearly anything: he also built the first high speed train and the first working automobile.
|
|
|
15. Charles Darwin
|
English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. Widely credited with discovering the concept of evolution
|
|
|
16. Adam Smith
|
Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces
|
|
|
17. Thomas Paine
|
A revolutionary writer and pamphleteer best known for writing “Common Sense” and being one of the founding fathers of the United states. Considered a propagandist, his pamphlets helped spark the American revolution.
|
|
|
18. Karl Marx
|
German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital
|
|
|
19. Luddites
|
Workers in Britain (1810–1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd.
|
|
|
20. Napoleon Bonaparte
|
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
|
|
|
21. Louis XVI
|
Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution
|
|
|
22. Marie Antoinette
|
Archduchess of Austria and queen of france, who at the height of the French revolution was convicted of treason and sentenced to death, like many other monarchs, at the guillotine.
|
|
|
23. Maximilien Robespierre
|
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror.
|
|
|
24. Jacobins
|
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
|
|
|
25. Klemens von Metternich
|
a German-Austrian politician and statesman. He was one of the most important diplomats of his era: He was a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna and is considered a paradigm of foreign-policy management.
|
|
|
26. Giuseppe Garibaldi
|
An Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state. Led military expeditions both in Europe and in the Americas, which earned him the title “hero of two worlds”
|
|
|
27. Camillo Cavour
|
the founder of the original Italian Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, put forth several economic reforms in his native region of Piedmont, and he quickly rose in rank through the Piedmontese government, coming to dominate the Chamber of Deputies through a union of left-center and right-center politicians. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852. As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the Crimean War,Second Italian War of Independence, and Garibaldi's expeditions, managing to maneuver Piedmont diplomatically to become a new great power in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as Piedmont had been before he came to power
|
|
|
28. Victor Emmanuel II
|
King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet Father of the Fatherland
|
|
|
29. Otto von Bismarck
|
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
|
|
|
30. Alexander II
|
the Emperor, or Czar, of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the Grand Duke of Finland and the King of Poland. Well known for his emancipation of the serfs, tenant farmers who were basically slaves, and for his brutal assassination during the Bolshevik revolution
|
|
|
31. Mary Wollstonecraft
|
an eighteenth-centuryBritish writer, philosopher, and feminist. Best known for her feminism and her feminist book “a vindication of the rights of women” in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.
|
|
|
32. Albert Einstein
|
German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.
|
|
|
33. Sigmund Freud
|
Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries); developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.
|
|
|
34. Pierre Toussaint L’Ourvertnure
|
Haitian revolutionary leader, born a slave. He joined the insurrection of 1791 against the French colonizers and was made governor by the revolutionary French government. He expelled the Spanish and British, but when the French emperor Napoleon reimposed slavery he revolted, was captured, and died in prison in France. In 1983 his remains were returned to Haiti.
|
|
|
35. Jacques Dessalines
|
a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1801 constitution. He was autocratic in his rule and crowned himself Emperor of Haïti in 1805.[1] He also was a great-grandfather of Cincinnatus Leconte, who served as President of Haiti from 1911 to 1912.[2][3]
|
|
|
36. Simon Bolivar
|
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
|
|
|
37. Jose de San Martin
|
n Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.
|
|
|
38. Benito Juarez
|
Zapotec Amerindian who served five terms as president of Mexico and the first Mexican leader who did not have a military background, and also the first full-blooded indigenous national ever to serve as President of Mexico and to lead a country in the Western Hemisphere
|
|
|
39. John VI
|
The Portuguese king during the time when portuagal was invaded by the armies of Napolean who fled to brazil and set up his royal court in exile
|
|
|
40. Pedro II
|
Son of pedro, and grandson of John VI of Portugal, who ruled brazil and reformed Brazilian society and turned it into a major exporter of coffee. More importantly, he abolished slavery in portugal
|
|
|
41. Miguel Hidalgo
|
Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811
|
|
|
42. Jose Morelos
|
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814
|
|
|
43. Czar Alexander III
|
Tsar of Russia who unlike his liberal leaning father, whas considered a reactionary and oppressive ruler.
|
|
|
44. Czar Nicholas II
|
Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution’s leadership.
|
|
|
45. Balkans
|
Peninsula located in south-eastern Europe, including Macedonia and Greece, plus what became Bulgaria; controlled by Byzantine Empire
|
|
|
46. Young turks
|
a coalition of various groups favoring reformation of the administration of theOttoman Empire. The movement was against the monarchy of Ottoman Sultan
|
|
|
47. Empress Cixi
|
Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.
|
|
|
48. Sun Yat-sen
|
Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.
|
|
|
49. Indochina
|
a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam
|
