Must-Know Facts From A&p

Front 1

Paraplegia

Back 1

Paralysis of the legs

Front 2

Quadriplegia

Back 2

Paralysis of both the arms and the legs

Front 3

Order of vertebrae

Back 3

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal (7-12-5-5-?)

Front 4

How many ribs do we have?

Back 4

12 (13 for some)

7 true, 3 false, 2 floating

Front 5

Hertz (Hz)

Back 5

Named after Heinrich Hertz, this unit means “vibrations per second”

Front 6

Diff. b/t arteries & veins

Back 6

Arteries carry OXYGENATED blood from the heart to the body. Veins carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the body back to the heart. The pulmonary & umbilical arteries/veins are the opposite though.

Front 7

Frontal (or coronal) plane

Back 7

Divides the body into front and back portions

Front 8

Midsagittal (median) plane

Back 8

Divides the body into left and right halves

Front 9

Sagittal plane

Back 9

Parallel to the median plane and divides into left and right sections (not necessarily halves)

Front 10

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Back 10

Divides the body into upper and lower portions

Front 11

Cleft palate

Back 11

Incomplete closure of the hard (or soft) palate that allows air to escape from the oral cavity directly into the nasal cavity

Front 12

What are the three types of cartilage?

Back 12

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Yellow (elastic) cartilage

Front 13

Describe hyaline cartilage.

Back 13

Bluish-white & smooth

Front 14

Describe fibrocartilage.

Back 14

Dense, white, and flexible

Front 15

Describe yellow (elastic) cartilage.

Back 15

Firm & elastic

Front 16

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Back 16

On articulating bone surfaces and costal cartilages of ribs. In the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway

Front 17

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Back 17

In the intervertebral discs and in the knees

Front 18

Where is yellow (elastic) cartilage found?

Back 18

In the pinna and epiglottis

Front 19

Fascia

Back 19

Sheet-like membrane surrounding organs

Front 20

Perimysium

Back 20

Fascia that is so thick you can’t see the muscle underneath

Front 21

Difference between tendons and ligaments

Back 21

Classic answer: Tendons attach muscle to bone & ligaments attach bone to bone.

Actually, tendons also attach muscle to cartilage, and that definition of “ligament” only covers skeletal ligaments. There are also visceral ligaments that bind organs together and hold structures in place.

Front 22

What are the three types of joints?

Back 22

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial

No-mobility, limited-mobility, high-mobility

Front 23

What are the 5 lung volumes?

Back 23

Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Residual Volume, Dead Space Air

Front 24

Tidal Volume

Back 24

The volume of air you breathe in one cycle of respiration

Front 25

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Back 25

The volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration (after you have inhaled, how much more can you inhale?)

Front 26

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 26

the volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration (after you have exhaled, how much more can you exhale?) (also called resting lung volume)

Front 27

Why is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) also called Resting Lung Volume (RLV)?

Back 27

Because it’s the volume present in the resting lungs after a passive exhalation

Front 28

Residual Volume

Back 28

The volume remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation (air you can’t eliminate no matter how hard you exhale because of how your lungs have stretched as you’ve grown)

Front 29

Dead Space Air

Back 29

Air in the conducting passageways of the respiratory system (air that can’t undergo gas exchange b/c there are no alveoli in the space it occupies)

Front 30

What’s the difference between residual volume and dead space air?

Back 30

Resting volume undergoes gas exchange, but it can’t be expelled. Dead Space Air doesn’t undergo gas exchange, AND it can’t be eliminated (that actual air can be expelled, but something will always fill that space).

Front 31

Which lung capacity is the capacity available for speech?

Back 31

Vital capacity

Front 32

Define vital capacity.

Back 32

The total amount that can be inhaled after a maximum expiration

Front 33

What makes up vital capacity?

Back 33

IRV, ERV and TV

Front 34

Define functional residual capacity.

Back 34

The volume of air remaining in the body after a passive exhalation

Front 35

What makes up FRC?

Back 35

ERV and RV

Front 36

What is total lung capacity?

Back 36

The sum of all the volumes (TV, IRV, ERV, and RV…no need to include dead space air in this formula b/c it’s included in RV)

Front 37

How does RV serve as a buffer during respiration?

Back 37

It is not immediately involved in interaction with the environment, so oxygen-rich air is diluted by mixing with the air of the RV. This allows for relatively constant oxygenation during brief periods of poor air quality.

Front 38

Define inspiratory capacity.

Back 38

The maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

Front 39

What does Inspiratory Capacity consist of?

Back 39

TV and IRV

Front 40

Name the 3 breathing patterns.

Back 40

Clavicular (shoulder breathing)

Thoracic (chest breathing)

Diaphragmatic (abdominal breathing)

Front 41

Define clavicular breathing.

Back 41

An inefficient form of breathing characterized by thorax expansion resulting primarily from the accessory muscles of inspiration (esp. the sternocleidomastoid) elevating the rib cage.

Front 42

Define thoracic breathing.

Back 42

A less-than-optimally-efficient form of breathing characterized by thorax expansion primarily resulting from the action of the chest muscles (usually the intercostals).

Front 43

Define diaphragmatic breathing.

Back 43

The most efficient form of breathing, wherein thorax expansion results primarily from the action of the diaphragm

Front 44

What is the audible range of frequencies for humans?

Back 44

20 - 20,000 Hz

Front 45

Main function of the larynx

Back 45

Protecting the lower respiratory system from foreign substances and assisting with abdominal fixation (breath holding for heavy lifting, childbirth, and defecation)

Front 46

What is the Adam’s apple?

Back 46

The thyroid prominence of the thyroid cartilage in the larynx

Front 47

Name the two functionally mobile joints of the larynx.

Back 47

-cricoarytenoid joints

-cricothyroid joints

Front 48

Location and purpose of the cricoarytenoid joints

Back 48

Located at the base each arytenoid cartilage and the superior surface of the cricoid’s quadrate lamina, they affect the positioning of the vocal folds, and they’re instrumental in vocal fold adduction and abduction.

Front 49

Location and purpose of the cricothyroid joints

Back 49

Located between each thyroid inferior horn and the sides of the cricoid cartilage, they allow the thyroid cartilage to tilt down or the cricoid cartilage to tilt up, thus stretching the vocal folds. They are therefore involved in fundamental frequency regulation.

Front 50

Trigeminal Nerve

Back 50

Cranial Nerve 5

In the front of the face

Has three branches (optical, maxillary, and mandibular)

Innervates some of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx