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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of bone?
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- Support
- Protection - Assist in movements - Mineral homeostasis - Blood cell production - Triglyceride storage |
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How do the bones support the body?
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- Supports soft tissue
- Provides points of attachment for ligaments and tendons |
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How do the bones protect the body?
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Protects internal organs from injury
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How do the bones provide movement?
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Assists in movement when muscle contraction pull on bone
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How do the bones assist in mineral homeostasis?
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Stores and distributes several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
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How do the bones help with blood cell production?
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- Hemopoiesis of WBC's, RBC's and platelets
- Within red bone marrow of the pelvis ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull and the end of long bones |
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How do the bones help with triglyceride storage?
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- Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells which stores triglycerides
- With increasing age bone marrow changes from red to yellow |
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Define long bones and what are some examples?
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- Longer that wider
- Examples: thigh, leg, arm, forearm, fingers and toes |
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Define short bones and what are some examples?
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- Almost cubed shaped
- Examples: most wrist and ankle bones |
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Define flat bones and what are some examples?
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- Thin and extensive surface
- Examples: such as cranial bones, sternum, ribs and scapula |
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Define irregular bones and what are some examples?
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- They do not fit in of the other categories
- vertebrae and some facial bones |
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What are the parts of a long bone?
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- Diaphysis
- Epiphysis - Metaphyses - Articular cartilage - Periosteum - Medullary cavity - Endosteum |
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Desicribe the Diaphysis:
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- shaft of long bone
- made up of mostly compact bone |
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Describe the Epiphysis:
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- broad end of long bone
- mostly spongy bone |
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Describe the Metaphyses:
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- growth area between diaphysis and epiphysis
- when bone is done growing it will change from cartilage to bone |
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Describe the Atricular Cartilage:
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thin layer of hyaline cartilage, covering the epiphyses, that forms articulation (joint) with another bone
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Describe the Periosteum:
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- enables bone growth
- fibrous covering over bone where articular cartilage is not present - protects bone, assist in fracture repair, nourishes bone tissue and point of attachments for ligaments and tendons |
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Describe the Medullary cavity:
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- found in the diaphysis
- contains yellow bone marrow |
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Describe the Endosteum:
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- membrane lining of the medullary cavity
- single layer of bone forming cells |
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What are the diiferent types of fractures?
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- Partial (incomplete break)
- Complete (bone broken into 2 or more pieces) - Closed (simple; not through the skin) - Open (compound; broken ends break skin) |
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The absence of mechanical stress weakens the bone. What are some examples that may cause the bone to weaken?
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- During prolonged bed rest
- Fracture with cast/ immobilizer - Astronauts without gravity |
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What are some examples of mechanical stress that will strengthen the bone?
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Weight-bearing activites, such as walking or moderate weight lifting
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The skeletal system is divided into what divisions?
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- Axial skeletal: bones around the body axis such as skull bones, hyoid, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae
- Appendicular skeleton: bones of the upper and lower limbs plus shoulder and hip bones |
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How many bones make up the Axial division?
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- 80 bones
- Skull, cranuim, face, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs |
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How many bones make up the Appendicular division?
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- 126 bones
- Pectoral (shoulder): Girdle - clavicle and scapula - Upper Limbs: humerours, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges - Pelvic girdle: hip bone - Lower Limbs: femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
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How are joints classified?
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- Structurally (by their anatomy)
- Functionally (by the degree of movement they permit) |
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What are the different structrual classifications of joints?
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- Fibrous joints: no synovial cavity and bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue
- Cartiaginous joints: no synovial cavity and the bones are held togerher by cartilage - Synovial joints: bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular conective of an articular capsule |
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What are the different functional classification of joints?
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- Synarthrosis: immovable (pelvis, sutures, teeth)
- Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable (epiphyseal plate, tib/fib, vertebrae, pelvic symphysis) - Diarthrosis: freely movable(most joints of the body, all diarthrotic joints are synovial) |
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What are the types of Fibrous joints?
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- Suture: unite the bones of the skull
- Syndesmosis: greater distance beween bones and greater amount of dense irregular connective tissue; permits slight movement; Examples: distal tibia to distal fibula, tooth root in socket of mandible or maxilla (gomphosis) - Interosseous membrane: greater amount of dense irregular connective tissue; examples - extensive membranes between shafts of some long bones |
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What are the types of Cartilaginous joints?
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- Synchondrosis: bone replaces the hyaline cartilage when bone growth stops; example- epiphyseal plate connecting epiphysis and diaphysis of long bone
- Symphysis: cartilage connects 2 bones covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad disc of fibrocartilage is present also; examples - pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs |
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When using the Yeargson test, what are you testing for?
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Biceps tendonitis
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What are you examing when using the McMurray's test?
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The health of the menisci
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A patient has a fractured schaphoid, what is the treatment plan?
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- Place a thumb spica splint on patient
- Consult to Ortho |
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What type of splint would you use for a femur fracture?
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Air traction splint
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What is often missed diagnosed and commonly seen in military recruits, athletes, and runners?
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Stress fracture of the femoral neck
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What would you do for a patient that has a suspected pelvic fracture?
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- MEDEVAC
- narcotic analgesics - Search for other life threatening injuries |
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How do you conduct a shoulder adduction and what muscle controls it?
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- Move arm across the body, "adding" to the body
- Pectoralis major |
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What are lateral and medial epicondyles responsible for?
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- Lateral = extensors
- Medial = flexors Both with resisted motion |
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What is the name of the growth plates on the long bones?
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Epiphyseal plate
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If you suspect a fracture, how would you stablize it?
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Splint
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What is the scale for muscle strength?
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5 - Normal
4 - Against gravity but weak 3 - Against gravity but not resistance 2 - Movement with removal of gravity 1 - Trace movement 0 - No movement at all |
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Describe flexion:
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Decreasing the angle between two articulating bones
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What are the functions of osteoclasts?
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- They breakdown the bone extracellular matrix.
- Part of normal development, growth, maintenance, and repair of the bones |
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What is the treatment for an unstable ulnar collateral ligament tear?
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- Thumb spica splint
- ortho consult - pain meds |
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What is the most common type of dislocation for adults?
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Shoulder dislocation
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Where is the olecrannon located?
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It is the elbow
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Where does the head of the femur sit?
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It articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone
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What joint is formed by the articulation of the tibia, fibula, and the malleolus?
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The ankle mortise
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The femur and tibial plateaus form what?
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The knee
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A 40 y/o pt presents with achy left knee pain and is made worse when running standing. It has been going on for the last 6 weeks. What would be the likely diagnosis?
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Osteoarthritis
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What type of joint has the widest range of motion?
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Ball and socket joint (hip and shoulder)
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What are the semicurcular pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones?
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Medial meniscus
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What muscle flexes and supinates the arm at the elbow and flexes at the shoulder?
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Biceps
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What muscle allows you to invert and dorsalflexes the foot?
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Anterior Tibialis
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What are the types of differnent knee deformities?
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- Genu varum: Bow legged
- Genu valrum: knock knees - Genu recurvatum: hyperextension of the knees |
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You conduct the drop arm test on a pt and they are positive. What is this positive for?
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Supraspinatus rupture/ tear
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What joint is most affected by gout?
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the MTP of the hallux
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If the fracture is perpendicular to the shaft of the bone, what is it called?
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A transverse fracture
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What is an infection in the joint by which a pathogen is introduced from direct inocculation?
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Septic Joint
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What is the most common mechanism of injury for a clavicle fracture?
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A fall directly onto the shoulder
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What are the clinical signs of impingement?
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Gradual onset of anterior and lateral shoulder pain exacerbated by overhead activity
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What medication do you want to give a pt for a shoulder reduction?
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Valium
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Pain with resisted wrist flexion is positive for what?
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Medial epicondlytis
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What nerve runs along the ulnar side of the 4th/ 5th fingers?
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Ulnar nerve
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Who are more likely to develope carpel tunnel syndrome?
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- Pregnant women
- Middle aged women |
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A pt has tenderness to the snuffbox but the x-rays show no fractures. How would you treat this pt?
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- Thumb spica splint
- Follow up for a 2nd x-ray |
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What is a complication of delayed reduction of hip dislocation?
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Osteonecrosis
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What is the mechanism of injury for an ACL injury?
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- Hyperextension
- Twisting |
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What are some of the possible causes of lateral knee pain?
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- ITB strain
- LCL - Meniscus - Osteoarthritis |
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A pt comes to you complaining of Anterior lateral pain from the hip to the knee and prominent pain at the lateral epicondyle. What do you suspect?
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ITB tightness or contractures
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A pt comes to you complaining of deffuse achy anterior knee pain. What do you suspect?
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Patellofemoral pain syndrome
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What is the most common benign synovial cyst in the knee?
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Baker's or popliteal cyst
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What are the 7 p's that you need to look for during a physical exam of a pt with Compartment Syndrome?
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- Pain
- Pallor - Paresthesias - Paresis - Poikilothermic - Pressure - Pulselessness |
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A pt comes to you complaining of right ankle pain. He states that he inverted his ankle. You suspect a sprain, what special test would you conduct?
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Anterior drawer's test
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A pt presents to you complaining of pain and numberness to the 3rd and 4th toes of the right foot. You notice inflammation in the webbing space between the toes. What is your likely diagnosis?
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Morton's Neuroma
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Pt complains of anterior heel pain x 3 weeks, with worsening symptoms in the morning. What is your likely diagnosis?
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Plantar Fascitis
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Over time pressure from activities, such as lifting and twisting, start to tear the anulus fibrosus causing the discs in the spine to bulge. What is this condition called?
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HNP - Herniated Nucleus pulposus
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You are testing for L4-L5 rediculopathy with neurological reflux findings. What are testing for?
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Hallux extensors
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Where do disc herniations commonly occur?
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Lumbar spine (L4-S1)
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What is the common cause of lower back pain/strain?
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Mechanical lumbar strain
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What are the contributing factors of plantar fascitis?
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- Overweight
- Pes planus - Heel spurs - Degeneration of the plantar fasica - Women are twice as likely to have it then men - Tight achilles tendon |
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A pt complains of a painful prominence on the medial aspect of the great toe. Upon inspection you notice Later devaition at the MTP. What would be the likely diagnosis?
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Bunion
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A pt with a lower leg injury reports that she has pain in her right calf that is dramatically increased with movement. You notice her leg is errythematous and swollen. What is the likely diagnosis?
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Compartment syndrome
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What are the causes of shin splints?
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- Overweight
- training increased - Pes planus |
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What is the treatment for someone with patellofemoral pain syndrome?
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- RICE
- Knee sleeve - NSAIDs - Stretching strengthening |
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What are some causes for ITB syndrome?
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- Over training
- Improper stretching - genu varum - internal tibial rotation - excessive foot pronation |
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What special test would you test for the meniscus in the knee?
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McMurray's test
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When conducting the valgus stress test, what are you testing for?
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MCL - Medial collateral ligament
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A 21 y/o male complains of left knee pain from playing basketball. You have the pt laying supine with the knee flexed 30 degrees. What test are you about to do and what does it test for?
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Lachman's test - testing the instability of the ACL
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A pt presents with a cyst in her left wrist. What is the likely diagnosis?
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Ganglion cyst
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What injury is known as "jersey finger"?
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Injury to the flexor digtorum profundus
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A pt presents with pain to the medial aspect of the elbow. He states he has been hammering nails for a couple days. What do you suspect the diagnosis is?
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Ulnar collateral ligament sprain
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What is the most common source of nerve entrapment in the upper extremity after carpal tunnel?
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Ulnar nerve compression
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What special tests would you conduct to test for lateral epicondylitis?
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- Long Finger test (extensors)
- Wrist extension |
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What special test would you test for inferior instability of the shoulder?
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Sulcus sign
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A pt complains of pain in the shoulder when lifting his arm up. What do you suspect?
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Impingment
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What are the classification of AC seperations in the shoulder?
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Type I - AC ligament partially disrupted and CC ligaments are intact, no superior separation of clavicle from acromion
Type II - AC ligaments and CC ligament are intact partial separation of clavicle from acromion Type III - AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted, complete separation of the clavicle from the acromion Type IV - AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted,prominent posterior displacement of clavicle Type V - AC and CC ligaments are completely disrupted, CC interspace more than twice as large as opposite shoulder Type VI - Clavicular periosteum and/or deltoid and trapezius muscle are torn resulting in wide displacement. Clavicle lies in either the subacromial space or subcoracoid space |
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If a pt has a soft tissue injury, what diagnostic test would you want to perform?
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MRI
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If a pt has a fracture, what may delay the healing process?
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- Adequate minerals
- Vitamins A,C, and D - Several hormones - Weight-baring exersises - NOT Bone Immaturity |
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What is the most common form of arthritis?
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Osteoarthritis
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When conducting the Apprehension test, what are you testing for?
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Anterior Instability through external rotation
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When conducting the Thompson test, what are you testing for?
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Achilles tendon integrity (rupture)
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What muscles make up the quadriceps?
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- Rectus Femoris
- Vastus lateralis - Vastus intermedius - Vastus medialis |
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What are the different types of muscles?
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- Skeletal
- Cardiac - Smooth |
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What are hinge joints?
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- Knee
- Elbow - Ankle - Interphalangeal joints |
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What muscle will not be effected by impingment?
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Terrus minor
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When conducting the Tib/Fib squeeze, your pt is positive for pain at the lower portion of the leg. What is this a sign for?
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Syndesmosis or high ankle sprain
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Where is interosseous membranes located?
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Between the Tib/Fib adn Ulna/Radius
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When conducting a shoulder reduction, what must occur before and after the reduction?
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Elevate the pulses
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For range of motion, when the pt brings the sole of the foot away from the midline what are they doing?
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Eversion of the foot
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How can muskleskeletal pain be described as?
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- dull
- sharp - achy |
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Where is the xyphoid process located?
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At the base of the sternum
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How many vertebrae are located in the spine?
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26 vertebrae
- 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 1 sacrum - 1 coccyx |
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What are your cheek bones called?
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Zygomatic bones
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Stiffness or boggy joints is a characteristic of what condition?
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Rheumatiod Arthritis
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Movement of a bone away from the midline of the body is what?
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Abduction
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What prevents the anterior movement of the tibia on the femur?
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the ACL
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The epiphyses is located where?
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At the distal and proximal ends of the bone
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When conducting the Lachman's and Posterior Drawer tests, what are you testing for?
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Lachman's - ACL
Posterior Drawer's - PCL |
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What tests would you conduct to ensure stability of the shoulders?
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- Apprehension
- Sulcus - Jerk |
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What is the most important thing to ask a pt about their injury?
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"What impact does this injury have on your Activities of Daily Living (ADL's)?"
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What diagnostic tool would be beneficial to diagnose osteoarthritis?
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x-ray
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What are the different grades for Turf Toe?
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- Grade I sprain: a stretch injury of the capsule
- Grade II sprain: a partial tear of the plantar ligamentous complex of the MP joint - Grade III sprain: a complete tear of the MP ligamentous complex; marked swelling, bruising, and limited motion |
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What is the common cause of lateral cerical nerve root entrapment?
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- In an older pt, a combination of degenerative disc disease and foramenal narrowing
- In a younger pt, caused by a cervical strain |
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What is the function of synovial fluid?
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- Forms a thing flim over the surfaces of the articular capsule
- It reduces the friction by lubricating the joint, supplies nutrients to and removes wastes within the articular cartilate |
