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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between simple and compound meter?
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Simple meter: beat can be divided into 2; compound: beat can be divided into 3
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What is asymmetrical meter?
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a meter in which there is an unusual grouping of beats, i.e. 2+2+3
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What is mixed meter?
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when music changes meter frequently over time
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What is syncopation?
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It occurs when the weaker beat receives the emphasis
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What is an interval?
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It is the relationship between the pitches of two notes
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What is tempo?
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Speed at which music is played
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What is time signature?
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Musical indication telling number of beats to a measure, and which note receives the beat
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What is polymeter?
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It occurs when two meters are played at the same time
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What is mixed meter?
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when music changes meter frequently over time
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What is the difference between simple and compound meters?
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Simple meter - when beat can be divided into 2
Compound meter: when beat can be subdivided into 3 |
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What is asymmetrical meter?
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a meter in which there is an unusual grouping of beats (5/4 instead of 3/4 - one grouping of notes is longer than the other)
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Meter
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duple: a time signature with an even number of beats (2/2, 4/4, 2/4) etc.
triple: a time signature in which each measure has 3 beats |
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beat
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Recurring pulse or frequency with the same amount of space in between them -
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What is a pentatonic scale?
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a gapped scale with five notes; usually the fourth and seventh notes of the diatonic scale are omitted (sounds chinese)
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What is a major scale?
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a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th (w-w-h-w-w-w-h-w)
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What is a chromatic scale?
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12 pitch scale composed of 12 half steps
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What is a whole-note scale?
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In music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each note is separated from its neighbours by the interval of a whole step...
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What is the difference between conjunct and disjunct motion?
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Conjunct: when a note has small intervals between consecutive notes
disjunct: when a melody has large intervals between consecutive notes |
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What is a minor scale?
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(W-H-W-W-W-H-W)
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What is a mode?
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terms that designate specific scales
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What is a step?
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A step occurs when you go from one note to its neighboring note in the scale
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What is a leap?
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Leap = when you skip notes in a scale (ex: triad)
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What is a motive?
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A small melodic pattern that is repeated
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What is a phrase?
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Much like in language, it is a unit of meaning within a larger structure, and can have antecedent or consequent character.
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What is a period?
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Division of a composition, consisting of 8 or more measures, contrasting two or more phrases, ending with a conclusive cadence
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What is a sequence?
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presenting a rhythmic and melodic pattern and then presenting the same at a different pitch level
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What are antecedent/ consequent phrases?
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Antecedent: an introductory, complementing phrase, followed (as an answer) with the consequent phrase
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What is a continuous phrase?
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consists of melody that is not easily divided into distinct phrases
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What is a triad?
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First, third, fifth pitch in a scale (most commonly) - combination of 3 notes
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What is a common chord progression?
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Need better definition
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What is the difference between consonance and dissonance?
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You can tell by the sound - if the harmony is neatly stacked, or clustered and striking different tonal centres
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What is resolution?
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Movement from dissonance to consonance, and to the tonal chord to which it is resolved.
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What is a tonic chord?
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Chord built on the first tone in the scale
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What is a dominant chord?
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Chord built on the 5th tone in the scale
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Dominant preparation chords may be defined as...
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supertonic: (built on) 2nd note in the scale
subdominant: (built on) 4th note in the scale |
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What is a cadence?
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Resting point in music: can be conclusive or inconclusive
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Modulation
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Moving from one key to another
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bitonality
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one part plays in one key; and another part plays in another key (two key centres)
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atonality
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lacking a tonal centre
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polytonality
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Schoenberg's preferred name for his music -- use of more than one key at the same time
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Musical texture
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Defined by how many voices there are in a piece
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Monophonic texture
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one voice in music (i.e. one voice singing)
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homophonic
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could be 4 voices - all moving at same speed, and with same (church hymns)
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polyphonic
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multiple voices - more than 2 distinct musical lines
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imitative polyphony
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different voices singing the same thing at different times (Row row row your boat)
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non-imitative polyphony
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different voices singing different parts at the same time
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ostinato
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musical phrase repeated over and over in a composition
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plain chant
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free form - no specific rhythm, notes, nor speed
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mass
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Church session - sermons all in music
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motet
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unaccompanied choral composition with sacred lyrics
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chanson
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polyphonic SECULAR (first of its kind) unaccompanied music
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word-painting; tone-painting
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melody mimics the words (ex: talking about something going up the mountain, the melody rises as well)
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melisma
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singing a single syllable of text while moving between several different notes
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declamation (Renaissance)
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stressed syllables are melodically stressed too; art of matching melody to text
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madrigal - Renaissance
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combines word-painting, polyphony, secularism, and declamation
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Sequence (Baroque)
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total continuity of sequence = some continuities of partial connections - ex: diatonic or chromatic)
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Basso - continuo (Baroque)
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continuous bass line; foundational
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figured bass (Baroque)
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integer musical notation used to indicate chords, intervals, and non-chords - basic chord is given, instrumentalist is at liberty to interpret the
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basso- ostinato - Baroque
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Pachelbel's Canon (the poor celli...) is a prime example - the bass line is continued under variations of other parts - repeated over and over.
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Opera - Baroque
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Artists, singers, and musicians combine to perform a dramatic work, comprised of text (libretto) and music
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Oratorio - Baroque
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Music, words, chorus, but not dramatic story
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Aria - Baroque
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1 person singing - solo describing thoughts and feelings
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Recitative - Baroque
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style of delivery - singer is allowed to adapt rhythms of ordinary speech. This also helps the storyline move...(speak-singing)
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Toccata
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a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style
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Fugue - Baroque
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Subject, Answer, Exposition, Episode
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Variation Form - Baroque
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material is exhibited, reiterated in an altered form, and continues on with loose relation to the original
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Sonata - Baroque
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exposition, development, recapitulation, returns to the exposition
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Dance Suite - Baroque
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4-6 movements with different dance rhythms
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Ornamentation - baroque
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Instruments. Musicians embellish the musical line
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Concerto - Baroque
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refers to 3 part musical work, where it is soloist vs. orchestra
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concerto-grosso (Baroque)
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(big group vs. small group) Brandenberg concerto?
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Movements (Baroque)
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different separate sections; self contained part of musical composition or form
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Ritornello (Baroque)
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Return to the main theme; but more free form than usual (like a rondo - (this later developed into Rondo))
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Cadenza (Baroque)
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Improvised, virtuostic passage
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Binary Form (Baroque)
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I - V; V-I (A & B share repeated material, structuring the piece)
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Ternary Form (Baroque)
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A &B &C manipulated and repeated to form a piece
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Symphony (Classical)
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4 movements; Sonata, various forms, minuet & trio, various forms again
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Sonata Form (Classical)
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Exposition, development, recapitulation, coda
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Double exposition Sonata Form (Classical)
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Develops from Binary form...
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sonata
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musical composition of 3-4 movements, of contrasting musical forms; allegro - minuet and trio - rondo or ritornello
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dance suite
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essential part of sonata form; could be a gigue, minuet, or gavotte etc.
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ornamentation
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musician's interpretive and skill related addition to music - to show the performer's ability
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concerto
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composition for orchestra and soloist
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concerto grosso?
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composition for orchestra and small group of voices
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movement
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A movement is a self-contained work separated by silence within a larger work. Usually, each movement is distinguishable by its tempo, key, rhythmical patterns, and harmonization.
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ritornello form
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ritornello is the word for a recurring passage for orchestra in the first or final movement of a solo concerto or aria
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cadenza
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brilliant solo passage at the end of a piece of music - skill and dexterity are well displayed through passages such as these
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binary form
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Binary form is a way of structuring a piece of music in two related sections, both of which are usually repeated
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ternary form
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Ternary form is a three-part structure, often notated A-B-A - often used for dance choreography
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What is chamber music?
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Thought by most to be "music written for a small ensemble," this definition is correct, but incomplete. A form of classical music, chamber music is generally written for a small group of instruments, with no two parts doubled and no conductor in sight. Initially created for performances in a bedroom or palace "chamber," the artform gained fashion as an intimate activity among friends.
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What is absolute music?
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Absolute music (sometimes abstract music) is a term used to describe music that is not explicitly "about" anything, non-representational or non-objective. In contrast with program music, absolute music has no words and no references to stories or images or any other kind of extramusical idea.
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What is program music?
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Program music is a type of art music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas, images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene, image or mood
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What is a concert overture?
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Single-movement concert piece for orchestra, typically from the Romantic period and often based upon a literary program.
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What is a character piece?
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During the 19th century, when composers were attempting to write music of a "programmatic" nature, the question arose as to whether instrumental music could adequately represent ideas, scenes, dramatic events, and so on as well as the voice could. These so-called representative compositions, then, became called "character pieces" in that they were attempting to represent the "character" of something extra-musical. In fact, programmatic music of the early 19th century was then also known as character music.
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What is an etude?
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short composition for a solo instrument; intended as an exercise or to demonstrate technical virtuosity
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What is a nocturne?
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A nocturne (from the French for "nocturnal") is usually a musical composition that is inspired by, or evocative of, the night - a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano)
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What is a tone poem?
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A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element.
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What is a scherzo?
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A scherzo (plural scherzi) is a piece of music or a movement, in a certain style, that forms part of a larger piece such as a symphony.
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Lied (pl. Lieder) = ....
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A lied is a 19th century song with piano accompaniment set to German poetry.
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through composed means...
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Music is described as through-composed when it is relatively continuous, non-sectional, and/or non-repetitive. A song is said to be through-composed if it has different music for each stanza of the lyrics.
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strophic form....what is that?
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a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the continual repetition of one formal section or block.
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modified strophic
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with occasional variation of individual stanzas, according to the text
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song cycle is....
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A song cycle is a group of songs designed to be performed in a sequence as a single entity. As a rule, all of the songs are by the same composer and often use words from the same poet.
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music-drama (Gesamtkuntswerk)
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Gesamtkunstwerk ("total," "integrated," or "complete artwork") is a German term attributed to the German opera composer Richard Wagner
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what is a leitmotiv?
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a melodic phrase that accompanies the reappearance of a person or situation (as in Wagner's operas)
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what is serialism?
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Method of composition in which various musical elements (pitch, rhythm, dynamics, tone color) may be ordered in a fixed series;20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition
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expressionism
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The expressionist period can be associated loosely with Schoenberg's atonal period, which can be found after he finally rejected tonality, but before he began composing according to the twelve-tone technique, although the extent to which clear divisions between periods can be made is debatable.
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electronic music
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Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production.[1] In general a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology.
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extended techniques
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Extended techniques are performance techniques used in music to describe unconventional, unorthodox or "improper" techniques of singing, or of playing musical instruments.
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minimalism
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Minimalist music is an originally American genre of experimental or Downtown music named in the 1960s based mostly in consonant harmony, steady pulse (if not immobile drones), stasis and slow transformation, and often reiteration of musical phrases or smaller units such as figures, motifs, and cells.
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improvisation
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Musical improvisation is the creative activity of immediate ("in the moment") musical composition, which combines performance with communication of emotions and instrumental technique as well as spontaneous response to other musicians.
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rhythm section
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A rhythm section is the musicians in a popular music band or ensemble who establish the rhythmic pulse of a song or musical piece, and who lay down the chordal structure
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