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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Dominant 7th?
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Major triad + Minor 7th and is abbreviated as 7
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What is a Major 7th?
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Major triad + Major 7th and is abbreviaed as M7
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What is a Minor 7th?
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Minor triad + Minor 7th and is abbreviated as m7
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What is a Half-diminished 7th?
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Diminished triad + Minor 7th and is abbreivated ø7
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What is a Diminished 7th?
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Diminished triad + Diminished 7th and is abbreviated º7
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In a root position 7th chord what is the order of members from bottom to top?
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root, third, fifth, and seventh. This notated as 7.
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In a 1st inversion 7th chord what is the order of members from bottom to top?
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Third, Fifth, Seventh, Root. This is noted as 6/5.
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In a 2nd inversion 7th chord what is the order of members from bottom to top
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Fifth, Seventh, Root, Third. This is noted as 6/4/3.
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In a 3rd inversion 7th chord what is the order of members from bottom to top?
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Seventh, root, third, and fifth. This is notated as 6/4/2.
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What is the order of diatonic triads in the Major Scale?
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I ii iii IV V vi viiº
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What is the order of diatonic triads in natural minor scale?
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i iiº III iv v VI VII
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What is the order of diatonic triads in the harmonic scale?
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i iiº III+ iv V VI viiº
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What is the order of diatonic in the melodic minor scale?
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i ii III+ IV V viº viiº
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What is the order of diatonic 7th chords in the Major Scale?
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I7 ii7 iii7 IV7 V7 vi7 viiø7
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What is the order of diatonic 7th chords in the harmonic minor scale?
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i7 iiø7 III+7 iv7 V7 VI7 viiº7
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What is the order of the chords in the merged minor scale?
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i iiº III iv V-or-v VI viiº-or-VII
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What is a Circle Progression?
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When root motion is equal to a fourth up or a fifth down.
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What are the Major scale circle progressions?
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I IV viiº iii vi ii V I
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What are the Minor scale circle progressions?
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I iv VII III VI iiº V I
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In a Major key, what are the members of the Dominant category?
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The members of the dominant category in the Major Key are V and viiº
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In a Major key, what are the members of the Predominant category
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The membes of the predominant category in a Major key are ii and IV.
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In a Major key, what chords precede the Predominant category?
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The chords that precede the predominant are iii and vi. viiº from the dominant goes to iii which goes to vi which then goes to the predominant.
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In a Minor key, what are the members of the dominant?
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The members in a minor key of the dominant are V and viiº.
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In a Minor key, what are the members of the predominant?
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The predominants in a minor key are iiº and iv
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What are the chords which precede the predominant in a minor key?
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The chords in a minor key that precede the predominants are VII III and VI. iv from the predominant goes to VII which goes to III which goes to VI which goes to the predominant.
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What position of the diminished triad is preferred?
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Composers prefer 1st inversion diminished triads. 2nd inversion diminished triads are rare.
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What's a Neapolitan chord?
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A Major tirad that is built on the lowered second degree (the supertonic) of a major or minor scale.
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What's the Neaoplitan Sixth?
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First inversion Neapolitan chord. The most common neapolitan chord. It mostly functions as a predominant since it often replaces first inversion iiº or ii or a root position iv or IV.\n
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What's voice leading?
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Voice leading concerns the horizontal aspect of harmony and is no less important than the vertical aspect (doubling and spacing).
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What do you double in root position triad?
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WHen a triad is in root position the bass is generally doubled.
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What interval between the upper voices should not be exceeded?
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The interval between adjacent upper voices should not exceed an octave.
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What melodic motions should be avoided?
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Melodic leaps of an augmented interval, but especially the augmented second or augmented fourth, should be avoided.
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What are common tones?
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Common tones are the tones that are shared between two adjacenet chords.
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How many common tones are there between two triads whose roots are a fifth apart?
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There is only one common tone between triads whose roots are a fifth apart.
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When connecting triads whose roots are a fifth (or fourth) apart, you…
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When connecting triads whose roots are a fifth (or fourth) apart, you retain the common tone in the same voice and move the remaining voices to the nearest chord tones to achieve correct doubling and spacing.
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If, when connecting traids whose roots are a fifth (or fourth) apart the common tone is NOT retained in the same voice, you...
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If, when connecting traids whose roots are a fifth (or fourth) apart the common tone is NOT retained in the same voice, you move all voices to the nearest chord tones taht result in correct doubling and spacing.
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It is seledom necessary to leap more than a ______ in any of the upper voices. Any leap larger than a ____ should be exmined carefully.
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It is seledom necessary to leap more than a THIRD in any of the upper voices. Any leap larger than a THIRD should be exmined carefully.
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There are ____ common tones between triads whose roots are a second apart.
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There are NO common tones between triads whose roots are a second apart.
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When conneccting triads whose roots are a second apart, move all the upper voices to the nearest chord tones in __________ Motion to the bass.
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When conneccting triads whose roots are a second apart, move all the upper voices to the nearest chord tones in CONTRARY Motion to the bass.
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When the bass moves __ a second, one voice may move in parallel thirds (tenths) with the bass, resulting in a doubled ______ in the second chord. This is most often done in _________ _____ keys when going from __ to _ to avoid the _____________ second. This does not apply to __ to ___ however.
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When the bass moves UP a second, one voice may move in parallel thirds (tenths) with the bass, resulting in a doubled third in the second chord. This is most often done in HARMONIC MINOR keys when going from V to VI to avoid the AUGMENTED second. This does not apply to IV to V however.
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There are ___ common tones between traids whose roots are a third apart.
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There are TWO common tones between traids whose roots are a third apart.
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When connecting triads whose roots are a third apart, retain ___ common tones and move the remain voice to the nearest chord tone.
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When connecting triads whose roots are a third apart, retain TWO common tones and move the remain voice to the nearest chord tone.
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When the bass moves __ a third, one voice may move in parallel thirds (tenths) with the bass resulting in a doubled _____ in the second chord.
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When the bass moves UP a third, one voice may move in parallel thirds (tenths) with the bass resulting in a doubled third in the second chord.
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When a major or minor triad is in 1st inversion, the _______ is usually doubled.
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When a major or minor triad is in 1st inversion, the SOPRANO is usually doubled.
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When moving from a triad in first inversion to one in root postion (1) move the doubled tones in…. and (2) move the remaining voice to… If the soprano is doubled by the bass, there will be __ remaining voices.
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When moving from a triad in first inversion to one in root postion (1) move the doubled tones in CONTRARY, OBLIQUE, OR RARELY SIMILAR MOTION TO THE NEAREST CHORD TONES POSSIBLE and (2) move the remaining voice to THE TONE THAT WILLL COMPLETE THE TRIAD OR THAT PROVIDES CORRECT DOUBLING. If the soprano is doubled by the bass, there will be TWO remaining voices.
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When moving from a triad in root position to one in first inversion (1) move… and (2) move the remaining voices….. Write the doubled tones _____.
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When moving from a triad in root position to one in first inversion (1) move INTO THE DOUBLED TONES IN CONTRARY, OBLIQUE, OR (RARELY) SIMILAR MOTION. MOVE ALL VOICES BY THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE INTERVALS. and (2) move the remaining voices TO THE NEARESTS TONES THAT COMPLETE THE TRIAD OR PROVIDES CORRECT DOUBLING. Write the doubled tones _____.
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Diminished traids are usually in first inversion with the ____ (the ____) doubled.
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Diminished traids are usually in first inversion with the THIRD (the BASS) doubled.
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In doubling 1st inversion chords, what tones should you avoid doubling in most cases?
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Active tones.
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When a triad is in second inversion, double the _____
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When a triad is in second inversion, double the _____
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All second inversions fall into what four patterns?
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Cadential Six-Four, Passing Six-Four, Pedal Six-Four, and Apreggio Six-Four.
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Most second inversion chords perform what sort of a function?
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Most second inversion chords perform a nonessential function due to their relatively unstable sonority.
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Many 6/4 chords are used to...
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Many 6/4 chords are used to delay resolution into a stronger chord.
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What is the Cadential 6/4 Chord?
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The Cadential Six-Four chord occurs on a strong beat or a strong portion of a beat. The tonic six-four that resolves to the dominant is the most common type. The subdominant six-four chord that resolves into the tonic chord is the second most common.
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In the Cadential 6/4 chord, two of the upper voices do what?
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In the Cadential 6/4 chord, two of the upper voices move down by step.
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How is the passing 6/4 chord used? Where is it normally used?
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The passing 6/4 chord is used to connect a root position chord and its 1st inversion. It is normally used on weak beats.
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What two chords is the passing 6/4 chord often used between?
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It is oftened used between the tonic and its inversion or the subdominant and its inversion.
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What is the Pedal 6/4 Chord
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The pedal 6/4 chord occurs of the same bass note. It rarely is used except over the tonic so the chords usually involved are the tonic and subdominant.
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What is the appeggio 6/4 chord?
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The Arpeggio Six-Four is produced by arpeggiation in the bass. It falls on a weak beat or weak portion of the beat and is preceed by the same chordin either root position or first inversion.
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To which chords does the Dominant 7th usually go to?
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The Dominant 7th usually goes to the Tonic or the Subdominant.
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What are the dissonant elements of the Dominant 7th?
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The dissonant elements of the Dominant 7th are the Seventh and the Tritone.
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Augmented fourth resolves by
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The Augmented fourth resolves by outward contrary stepwise motion to a sixth.
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The diminished fifth resolves by...
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The diminishe fifth resolves by inward contrary stepwise motion to a third.
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The effective resolution of the Dominant 7th depends upon...
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The effective resolution of the Dominant 7th depends upon resolving the fourth and seventh scale degrees in accordance with their natural tendency. The 7th resolves up and the 4th resolves down.
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Irregularities od doubling that often occur as a result of resolving the tritone normally: The tonic triad may have: (1)…(2)… the submediant triad may have (1)….
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Irregularities od doubling that often occur as a result of resolving the tritone normally: The tonic triad may have: (1)THREE ROOTS, ONE 3RD, BUT NO 5TH (2) TWO ROOTS, TWO 3RDS, BUT NO 5TH. The submediant triad may have (1) ONE ROOT, TWO 3RDS, AND ONE 5TH.
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What is a final cadence?
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A final cadence brings a phrase to a complete close.
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What is a nonfinal cadence?
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A nonfinal cadence points forward; they do not conlcude a musical idea, but require yet another phrase to resolve their nonfinal effect.
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What are the final cadences?
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The final cadences include the Authentic Cadence and the Plagal
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What are the nonfinal cadences?
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The nonfinal cadences include the Half Cadence and the Deceptive Cadence.
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What is the Authentic Cadence?
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V or viiº to I
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What is the Plagal Cadence?
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IV to I
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What is the Half Cadence?
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I, IV, or ii to V
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What is the Deceptive Cadence?
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V to vi
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What are the requirements of a Perfect Authentic Cadence?
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(1) Both chords must be in root position. (2) The final tonic chord must have the root in the soprano.
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Where does the Plagal Cadence often occur?
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After an Authentic Cadence.
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What are the requirements of a Perfect Plagal Cadence?
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(1) Both chords must be in root position. (2) The root of the tonic chord must be in the soprano.
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What is the most common chord to end a half cadence upon? What is the second most common?
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V. IV.
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What is the Phrygian Cadence?
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A special Half Cadence that occurs in minor keys. iv to V or iv6 to V.
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What is the direction of the bass and soprano in the Phyrgian Cadence iv-V?
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Inward stepwise contrary motion.
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What is the direction of the bass and soprano in the Phygian cadence iv6-V?
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Outward stepwise contrary motion.
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What is the most common type of deceptive cadence?
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When vi is substituted for I.
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What must you watch out for when writing a deceptive cadence in a minor key?
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You must take care that that an augmented second doesn't appear when writing a deceptive cadence in a minor key.
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What's an important element of the deceptive cadence?
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The element of surprise is important to the deceptive cadence.
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What is still not permitable in using nonharmonic tones?
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Nonharmonic tones normally do not justify the use of parallel fifths or octaves, nor is it desirable to double active tones (the leading tone in particular).
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How are nonharmonic tones classified?
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Nonharmonic tones are usually classified according to the way they are approached and left.
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What is a passing tone?
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A passing tone is nonharmonic tone that is approached and left by step in the same direction.
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What's an unaccented passing tone?
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A passing tone that occurs on the weak portion of a beat.
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What's an accented passing tone?
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A passing tone that occurs on the strong porition of the beat.
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What's a neighboring tone?
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A nonharmonic tone that is approached and left by step with a change of direction.
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Where do neighboring tones usually occur?
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Neighboring tones usually occur on weak parts of the beat though accented neighboring tones are sometimes found.
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What is the Appoggiatura?
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A nonharmonic tone that is approached by leap and left by step (usually with a change of direction).
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Where does the Appoggiatura usually occur?
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The Appoggiatura usually occurs on the strong part of the beat but it can occur on the weak portion.
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Can the appoggiatura appear with preparation?
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Sometimes, yes.
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What is an Escape Tone?
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An Escape Tone is nonharmonic tone that is approached by step and left by leap (usually with a change of direction).
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Explain how the Escape tone is the opposite of the Appggiatura.
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WHereas the appoggiatura is appraoched by leap and left by step, the escape tone is appraoched by step and left by leap.
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What is the most common escape tone?
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The most common form of the escape tone is an ascending step followed by a descending leap.
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What's an Anticipation?
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An Anticipation is a nonharmonic tone that is approached by step and left by repetition. It is a premature sounding of a harmonic tone to follow.
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Where do Anticipation normally occur?
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They normally occur on weak portions of the beat. Often they are found as part of a cadence pattern over the dominant chord with the tonic note is anticipated.
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What is a Suspension?
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A suspension is a nonharmonic tone that is approached by the same tone and left by step downward.
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What is a Retardation?
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A retardation is a nonharmonic tone that is appraoched by the same tone and left by step upward
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What are the three parts of a suspension?
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Preparation, suspension, and resolution. PSR
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Suspension or Retardation that repeat the note rather than tieing it are sometimes called what?
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They are sometimes callled Appogggiaturas.
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What are the rhythmic requirements of the suspension figure?
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1. The suspension occurs on an accented portion of the measure (or beat). 2. The resolution usually occurs on the weak beat (or portion of the beat) immediately following the suspension. 3. The preparation is usually equal to or longer than the time value of hte suspension.
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What the most common figured bass symbols for suspensions?
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4-3. 7-6. 9-8. 2-1. 2-3.
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What is a chain of suspensions?
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Where the resolution of one suspension becomes thepreparation of another.
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What are the notes that can appear between a suspension and its resolution?
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One or more notes may apear between a suspension an dits resolution. These are called ornamentations and most take the form of nonharmonic tones.
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What are Changing Tones?
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Changing tones fall into a pattern of four notes, the first and last of which are harmonic. The second otne of the figure is appraoched by step and is left by a leap of a third int he opposite direction. The third tone (also nonharmonic) resolves by step to the final tone of the figure.
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What is Pedal?
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When a tone is retaiend in one part while harmonies that are forieng to it are produced by other parts the effect is called Pedal.
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Where is the pedal normally used?
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The Pedal is normally used on the tonic and dominant.
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What is a double pedal?
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Double pedal is when the tonic and dominant pedal are used simultaneously.
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What is a Free Tone?
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A free tone a nonharmonic tone that is approached and left by leap.
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What is a progression?
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A progression is harmonic movement that gives the sense of forward motion. It is stronger.
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What is a retrogression?
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A retrogression is harmonic movement that gives the sense of backward motion. It is weaker.
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What are the three basic relationships of root movement?
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2nds, 3rds, and 5ths.
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What are the root movements of Progressions?
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Progressions move down in fifths, down in thirds, and up in seconds.
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What is the nature of moving away from I?
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Movement away from the tonic is always a Progression.
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What sort of passage might call for more progressions than retrogressions?
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A passage in which stability and tonal clarity are desired calls for a large proportion of progressions, while more retrogressions might call for the opposite effect is desired.
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What are the primary triads?
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I, IV, and V.
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What are the secondary triads?
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vi, ii, iii, viiº
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In the context of primary and secondary triads, what is a progression?
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Movement from a primary triad to its secondary triad is progressive.
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In the context of primary and secondary triads, what is true of secondary triads?
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Secondary triads may be replace their related primary triads.
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How are primary and secondary triads used together?
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Primary triads serve as the structural basis for progressions but basic formaulas can be expanded by the use of secondary triads. This is done by moving from a primary tria to its secondary triad before proceeding to the next chord in the basic formula; or by substituting a secondary triad for its primary triad.
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What chords in a harmonic phrase are more important?
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1. Chords that appear at cadences. 2. Chords that are stressed rhythmically. 3. Chords at important points in the phrase.
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What is Structural Harmony?
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Structural Harmony is the harmony that appears at strategic points and serves to establish the tonal organization.
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What is Embellishing Harmony?
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Embelllishing Harmony are chords that occur more or lessi incedentally.
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What is the focal point of the phrase?
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The harmony of the phrase is dominated byh the cadence. It is the focal point -- the point of arrival -- toward which the melodic contour, rhythm, and harmony are directed.
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What's a very common harmonic formula of the classical era?
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I IV V I.
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What is Harmonic Rhythm?
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The rate at which harmony changes.
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What is frequently done with the two notes if they're seperated by leap?
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Two notes separated by a leap from a strong to a weak beat are frequently harmonized by the same chord.
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How are melodies usually harmonized?
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Melodies usually are not harmonized by selecting a chord more or less independently for each successive notet. The final choice evolves slowly, as a result of careful reference to the cadence and to the phrase as a whole.
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Any note may be harmonized by what?
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Any note may be harmonized by one of three triads. The note may be iether the root, 3rd, or fifth of a triad.
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Where is it desiriable to have harmonic motion?
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It is desirable to have harmonic motion at a point of metric stress.
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Where may seventh chord be found?
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Seventh chords may be found on any degree of the scale.
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Which scale has the most tonal variety?
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The melodic minor scale has the most tonal variety.
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In a first inversion seventh chord, where is the root located? Where is the seventh located?
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The root is located in the sixth. The seventh is located in the fifth.
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In a second inversion seventh chord, where is the root located. Where is the seventh located?
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The root is located in the fourth. The seventh is located in the third.
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In a third inverison seventh chord, where is the root located? Where is the seventh located?
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The root is located in the second. The seventh is located in the bass.
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What may the seventh do if the bass takes the note of resolution?
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If the bass takes the note resolution, the seventh may rise to the nearest chord tone.
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To be an intergral part of the chord, a seventh must not be heard as a...
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…nonharmonic tone.
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Where does the supertonic seventh chord frequently occur?
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The supertonic seventh chord occurs frequently as part of a cadence formula in first inversion.
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In what key does the root position supertonic chord occur the most?
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It mostly occurs in Major keys.
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How often is the second inversion supertonic seventh chord used?
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Rarely. Third inversion is more common.
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How often is the Mediant Seventh Chord used?
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Rarely. More often in Major keys usually resolving to the submediant.
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The Mediant seventh chord in minor keys is...
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extremely rare.
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What does the Subdominant Seventh Chord normally resolve to?
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The subdominant seventh chord normally resolves to the dominant or supertonic.
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In minor keys, the first inversion Subdominant Seventh Chord is what kind of seventh?
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It is a Major Seventh chord.
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What does the Submediant Seventh Chord frequently resolve to?
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The Submediant Seventh Chord resolves to the subdominant, supertonic, dominant, or leading tone.
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In what position/inversion is the submediant seventh chord usually found in?
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Root position.
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What is passive resolution
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Passive resolution is resolution of the 7th by sustaining the seventh.
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What are the two versions of the submedient seventh chord in the minor key?
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Major seventh chord and the half diminished seventh chord.
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How is the leading tone seventh chord used?
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The leading tone seventh chord performs the same function as the dominant seenth chord. It is not used in third inversion.
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In what key is the leading tone seventh chord usually used?
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It is normally used in minor keys.
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Where does the Tonic Seventh Chord progress?
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The tonic seventh chord normally progresses to the subdominant, or sometimes the supertonic.
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Where do seventh chords often appear?
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Seventh chords often appear in sequence patterns. The harmonic activity generated bya chain of active chords gives such passages a strong sense of forward motion.
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What are altered nonharmonic tones?
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Altered nonharmonic tones are tones that are froeign to the prevailing tonality.
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Why are altered noharmonic tones used?
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They are used to supply tonal color and variety. They are also used to bring attention to particular harmonies. A tone that is foreign to the tonality naturally attracts attention to itself and to the chord with which it is associated.
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What are the two most frequent altered nonharmonic tones?
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The raised fourth and the lowered seventh are the most frequent.
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The raised fourth degree often goes to the...
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dominant
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The lowered seventh degree often goes to the...
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subdomant.
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What is an altered chord?
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An altered chord is a chord that contains a tone foreign to the prevailing tonality.
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The profuse use of altered chords is associated with a ________ harmonic idiom.
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CHROMATIC
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What is tonicization?
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Tonicization refers to the concept of emphasizing a particular diatonic chord by embellishing it with an altered chord that bears a dominant relation to it.
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What is the oral expression for V(6/5)/V?
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Five six-five of five
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The fully diminished seventh chord may embelishing what chords
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Major or minor.
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The half diminished seventh chord may embellish what chords?
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Only major triads. When associated with minor triads, a tritone cross relation results.
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What chords may be attended by secondary dominants?
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Any major or minor chord.
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What are the two types of secondary dominants?
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Dominant relation chords and Leading tone relation chords.
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How is the viiº7/vi chord used?
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It is used to provide color and impetus to the deceptive cadence.
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How is modulation made to happen?
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A change from one key to another is usulally acomplished by introducing the dominant of the new key.
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What raised scale degree is often to used to modulate to a new key?
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The new accidentals taht appear in the course of a modulation are often applied to the seventh scale degree of the new key.
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How is the actual establishment of a new key accomplished?
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The actual establishment of a new key is accomplished by the rpominence of tones or chords that have structural importance in the new key.
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What is an important factor in modulation?
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Although the reiteration of the dominant chord is a factor in establishing the new key, the structural use of this chord in the cadence formula is eve more important.
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What two chords are usually involved in modulation?
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Both the dominant and the tonic chords of the new key are usually invovled in the process of modulation but the dominant is more important.
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What is a transient modulation?
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The term "transient" modulation is sometimes used to refer to cases where the new key is established, but endures for only a short time.
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What are closely related keys?
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Closely related keys are those whose signatures differ from tanother another by not more than one sharp or flat.
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How many closely related keys are there to a key
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There are fively closely related keys. Major keys are related to two major keys and three minor keys. MInor keys are related to three major keys and two minor keys.
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What is a "change of mode"?
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Change of mode is moving from one key to its parallel as in C Major to C minor. They are not closely related.
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What is one of the most common modulations
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Modulation from to the fifth. This is most common in major keys.
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What are the three basic types of modulation?
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Phrase modulution, Common Chord modulation, and chromatic modultion.
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What is Phrase Modulation?
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Phrase modulation is a change of key that happens at the beginning of a phrase because of the pause provided by the cadence.
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What's a sequence?
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Sequence is a compositional device that involves immediate restatement of a melodic and/or harmonic unit at a different pitch level. Sequence is often associated with modualtion, and the term modulation sequence is often used.
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What is a common chord modulation?
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Common chord modulation is a modulation that occurs within a phrase. It is called "Common Chord" because the chord before the modulation is common to both keys. Sometimes known as the pivot chord.
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A chord that is diatonic in two keys is called what?
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A common chord or pivot chord.
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What chord is the common chord likely to be?
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It is likely to be the subdominant or supertonic chord in the new key.
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If neither the subdominant nor the supertonic chord is available as a common chord, the...
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…tonic or submedient chords int he new key are acceptable.
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What is Chromatic modulation
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Chromatic modulation is a modulation in which not all voices move diatonically. There is no common chord here.
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Where are chromatic modulation likely to occur?
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They are likely to occur between phrases but they can occur within a phrase.
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What are borrowed chords?
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Borrowed chords are chords that normally belong in one key but are used in a parallel key. Most borrowed chords occur in Major Keys.\n
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The exchange of diatonic hcords between parallel major and minor keys through the use of borrowed chords is sometimes called...
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modal mixture, modal exchange, or change of mode.
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The most common borrowed chord in minor keys is
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…the major tonic.
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The most common borrowed chords in the major key is...
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The diminished supertonic, the half-diminished supertonic seventh, the minor subdominant, the major submediant (on the lowered sixth degree), and the diminished seventh chord on the leading tone.
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The altered submediant triad (bVI) produces an especially coloful effect when used...
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in a deceptive cadence.
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Borrowed chords are similar to their unaltered counterparts how?
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They have the same harmonic funciton.
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What are the three common types of Augmented Sixth Chords?
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The Italian Sixth, the German Sixth, and the French Sixth
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All Augmented Sixth chords contain what intervals?
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All Augmented Sixth intervals contain an Augmented Sixth and a Major Third
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What is an Italian Sixth Chord?
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An Italian Sixth chord consists of an Augmented Sixth and two major thirds.
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What are the intervals of a German Sixth Chord?
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A German Sixth chord consists of an Augmented Sixth, a Major Third, and a Perfect Fifth.
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What are the intervals of the French Sixth Chord?
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The French Sixth chord consists of an Augmented Sixth, a Major Third, and an Augmented Fourth.
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What's the inversion of an Augmented Sixth?
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A diminished third.
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The tone on which most augmented sixth chords are built is what?
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A half-step above the dominant.
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In an augmented sixth chord, what is the root?
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The bass.
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What is the symbol to used to identify the three augmented sixth chords?
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It6, G6, and F6
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Where do augmented sixth chords usually progress?
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Augmented sixth chords usually progress to the dominant, or to tonic in a cadentail six four figure.
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Because of their unusual color and highly active character, ________ provide exceptional motivation to the dominant harmony immediately prior to an important return of the tonic such as at the end of the development section in sonata form.
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Augmented Sixth Chords
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To what interval does an augmented sixth normally go to?
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It moves by outward contrary motion to an octave.
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When the German sixth chord progressess directly to the dominant, what exception is made?
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Parallel perfect fifths are allowed only if they do not appear between the bass and soprano. Ideally they should be disquised.
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For the sake of avoiding paralle perfect fifths, the German sixth chord often progresses....
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to the tonic triad in second inversion.
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What is a doubly augmented six-four-three?
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It is a German Sixth chord with with a doubly augmetned fourth rather than a perfect fifth (its enharmonic equivelent).
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Why is a doubly augmented six-four-three chord used?
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It is to avoid chromatic movement from the fifth to the sixth of the tonic 6/4 chord when in a major key.
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When the raised fourth scale degree is in the bass, the augmented sixth becomes...
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a diminished third.
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Augmented sixth chords are also used as...
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secondary dominants.
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