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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The frequency of vibration of the sound wave
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Pitch
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defines middle A as 440 Hz, sounded by oboe as orchestra tunes up
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Concert Pitch
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defines middle A as 435 Hz, used in some pianos to reduce strain
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international pitch
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defines middle A as 438 or 439 Hz, often used for chamber music
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philharmonic pitch
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tuning system in which small variations in the frequency ratios of the intervals are eliminated by dividing the octave into twelve equal semitones, allowing keyboard instruments to play scales in any key; an early advocate of this system was Bach
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equal temperament
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the placement of sounds in time
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rhythm
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the speed at which notes are played
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tempo
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rhythmic pattern constituted by the grouping of basic temporal units called beats into regular units called bars
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meter
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an adjustable timekeeping device; invented by Johann Maelzel
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metronome
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an accent that works against the prevailing meter, such as stressing a beat that would be weak according to the metrical pattern
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syncopation
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a slight deviation from the standard tempo of a piece of music
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rubato
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the total complementthe interplay of multiple melodies in music
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counterpoint
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a style of musical composition in which two or more independent melodies are juxtaposed in harmony
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polyphony
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frequent use of discords of a harshness and relationship difficult to understand.
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cacophony
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the fundamental note of hte key in which a piece of music is played; the first note of the scale
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tonic
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the fifth tone of a scale, or a chord built on the fifth tone
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dominant
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a chord of three tones consisting of the root, a third, and a fifth; may be major, minor, diminished, or augmented in form
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triad
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the shortest melodic idea that forms a relatively complete musical unit
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motive
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leading motives that represent people, objects, concepts, etc.
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leitmotifs
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a musical chord sequence moving to a harmonic close or point of rest and giving the sense of harmonic completion
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cadence
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a concluding passage that brings the composition to a proper endinga chord, the tones of which are played successively in a quick and regular manner
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arpeggio
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the transition from one key to another within a composition
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modulation
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lines that prolong the staff
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leger lines
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the five horizontal parallel lines that, with a clef, indicated the pitches of notes
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staff
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a curved line connected two identical notes, which represents a prolonged value for the note
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tie
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bottom number indicates two identical notes, which represents a prolonged value for the note measure; waltz = 3/4, foxtrot = 4/4
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time signature
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in opera, an importantn lyric solo with instrumental accompaniment
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aria
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a short composititon for solo voices and chorus, usually setting forth a brief narrative
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cantata
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a composition usually for a solo instrument and orchestra, corresponding generally in form to the sonata
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concento
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a composition intended for training or testing the performer's technical skill
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etude
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a dance in 4/4 time
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foxtrot
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a composition characterized by the systematic imitation of one main theme in simultaneously sounding melodic lines (counterpoint), which make up its texture; various voices answer the inital theme exposition
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fugue
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a lively court dance with melodic lines in rapidly moving groups of three eighth notes
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gigue
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a contrapuntal vocal composition of the 15th, 16th, or 17th centuries with secular words
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madrigal
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a spirited Polish dance in 3/8 or 3/4 time
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mazurka
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a musical form in 3/4 time to accompany the small, light steps of a dignified dance
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minuet
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a vocal composition in contrapuntal style, usually without instrumental accompaniment, usually in conjunction with a sacred text
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motet
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a composition, generally for the piano, in a tranquil and dreamlike mood
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nocturne
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a composition similar to an opera but founded on a Biblical theme and usually given without action or scenery
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oratorio
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an introductory part to an opera or other musical work
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overture
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a sprightly dance in 2/4 time; originated in Bohemia
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polka
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an introduction to prepare for succeeding parts of a composition
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prelude
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a free type of composition often based on folk songs or other national music
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rhapsody
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a composition characterized by the initial statement and periodic restatement of a particular melody, the various appearances of which are separated by contrasing material; most follow either the five-part abaca of seven-part abacaba plan
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rondo
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a composition characterized by three or four movement, usually contrasting in rhythm and mood but related in tonality
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sonata
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a musical form generally used for the first movement of many types of compositions; consists of an exposition, development, recapitulation
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sonata allegro form
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a group of self-contained instrumental movements of varying character, usually in the same key
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suite
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a ballroom dance in 3/4 time
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waltz
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name tempos from slow to fast
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largo, grave, lento, adagio, andante, moderato, allegro, presto, prestissimo
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becoming slower
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ritardando
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becoming faster
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accelerando
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strictly
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giusto
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rubato
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freely
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mosso
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with motion
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name dynamics from soft to loud
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piano, mezzo, forte
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becoming louder
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crescendo
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becoming slower
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diminuendo, decrescendo
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