Music Test 3- Classical

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Cadenza

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Passage of music played in a manner of an improvisation.

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Franz Joseph Haydn

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Pathfinder of the classical style
Father of Symphony-Baroque into Classical
Invented the St.4et
Employed by Esterhazy
Taught himself composition
Internationally famous
104 symphonies

wrote 104 symphonies

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Middle Ages

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450-1450

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The Viennese School

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is a name mostly used to refer to three composers of the classical period in the 18th century.
Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.

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Multi-movement Cycle

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I. F- Sonata Allegro | F.
II.S- Theme and Variation | S.
III.M-Minuet and Trio
IV.F- Rondo | F.

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Nicholas Esterhazy

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The richest and most powerful of the Hungarian noble families. Work for them for nearly 30 years.

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Romantic

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1820-1900

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Piano Sonata

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Classical Chamber Music- Piano Trio- Violin, Cello, Piano

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Scherzo

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Scherzo (German meaning Joke)- Replaces the Minuet and Trio.
ex. Beethoven Symphony #5 Third Movement. iii i
Composition form in 3 parts (A,B,A) Sometimes used as the third movement in classical and romantic symphonies, string quartet, and other works. A scherzo is usually in triple meter, with a faster tempo then a minuet.

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String Quartet

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Invented by Haydn-The most important classical chamber music.
Written for 2 violins 1 viola 1 cello

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Minuet and Trio

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Composition derived from a court reserved dance in 3 parts A(Minuet) B(Trio) A(Minuet), Ternary form.

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Theme and Variation

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Takes a melody and arranges it for any kind of instrument with a 2 part theme. and each part is repeated. Ex. Hadyn's (Surprise) ||: A/8:|| ||:A/16:||

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Exposition

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First section of a sonata allegro form movement, which sets up a strong conflict between the tonic key and the new key, and between the first theme and the second theme. Exposes the Theme!

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Role of Orchestra in a symphonic setting.

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Upper Strings- Theme
Lower Strings- Accompaniment
Woodwinds- Tone color, some theme material
Brass- Power
Percussion- Rhythmic emphasis

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Wolfgang A. Mozart

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Child prodigy (Genious unfathomable)
Wrote piano pieces when (5) Symphonies (8) Oritorio (11) opera(12)/
55 in life time
Died of romanic fever
made a lot of commission work
wanted a patronage like Esterhazy but never got one.
Craftsman

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The Symphony

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Orchestral composition, usually in four movements, typically lasting btw 20-45 min, exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the orchestra.

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Classical Chamber Music

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Is designed for the intimate setting of a room (chamber) in a home or palace, rather then for a public concert hall. It is performed by a small group of two to nine musicians, with one player to a part.
Lighter in sound than classical orchestra music.

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Baroque

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1600-1750

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Concert Music

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The Classical Symphony and The Classical Concerto

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Lorenzo da Ponte

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A Venetian opera librettist and poet. He wrote the librettos for 28 operas by 11 composers, including Mozart.

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Comic Opera

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Opera Buffa . Ex. Don Giovanni

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Recapitulation

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Third section of a Sonata Allegro Form movements, in which the first theme, bridge, second theme and concluding section are presented more or less as they were in the exposition with one crucial difference: All the principal material is not in the tonic key!

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Development

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Second section of a Sonata Allegro Form- in which themes from the exposition are developed and the music moves through several different keys.

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Double Exposition

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The Classical Concerto
I.Orchestra
II.Orchestra
I.Soloists
II. Soloists

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Da Capo

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Meaning "from the beginning"; an indication usually meaning that he opening section of a piece is to be repeated after the middle section.

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The Classical Concerto

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Is a three movements work for an instrument soloist and orchestra. It combines the soloists virtuosity and interpretive ability with the orchestra's wide range of tone color and dynamics.

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Romantic- Orchestra

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Classical but expands to 100 members by the end of the century.

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Romantic- Texture and Dynamics

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Texture: Homophonic

Dynamics: Classical dynamics but expands on both ends of the range for more expressivity of emotion.

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Romantic- Rhythm

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Varied rhythmic patterns; long dramatic pauses.

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Romantic- Melody and Mood

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Melody: long, expansive

Mood: Extreme sudden changes

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Classical- Genres

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absolute*
Instrumental: Symphony, St 4et, Concerto, Sonata.

Vocal: Opera

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Classical- Forms

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Sonata Allegro
Theme and Variation
Minuet and Trio
Rondo
Scherzo

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Classical- Orchestra

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Grows to 60 members by the end of the century; comprises all 4 instrumental categories
1. Strings
2. Woodwinds
3. Brass
4. Percussion

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Classical- Texture and Dynamics

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Texture: Homophonic

Dynamics: Gradual, graded, incremental

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Classical- Rhythm

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Varied rhythmic patterns; pauses to facilitate smooth natural transitions from one mood to another.

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Classical- Melody and Mood

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Melody: Short-tuneful, folk-like; balanced phrases.

Mood: with a single composition the mood contrasts, classicists seek a balance of emotion.

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Pre-Classical/ Rococo

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1725-1775

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Coda

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In a sonata allegro form movement, a concluding section following the recap rounding off the movement by repeating themes or developing them further.

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Classical

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1750-1820

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Ludwig van Beethoven

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Most important composer
1) Artists is a hero to society"
2) Transition to Romanticism
Grew up listening to the Enlightenment
Seen as a prophet instead of a servant
1770-1802 (Classical years)
1798- looses hearing
also a child prodigy
1798 goes to Heiligenstadt
Third musical period (1815-1827) Subiime years)
Music becomes more abstract, meditative, polyphonic, and longer.

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Renaissance

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1450-1600

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Rondo

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Like ritornello form except you hear the entire melody throughout the while piece. A-> B-> A-> B-> A

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Opera Seria

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Serious Opera

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20th century

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1900-2000

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Ludwig Kochel

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cataloged chronologically Mozart's compositions.

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Sonata Allegro Form

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Form of a single movements, consisting of three main sections: the Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation.

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Impressionism

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1890-1915

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Enlightenment

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Liberty! Equality! Brotherhood!

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Rococo Art

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Pre-classical music

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Classicism

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Balance, Proportion, Symmetry= Beauty= rational thought, design, serenity, conceptual thought, single point of view.

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Neoclassical

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Classical Music

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Opus

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Work

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Folk Art

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People who create art at which who are not professionally trained- simplicity

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Divertimento

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musical diversions

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Romantic Traits

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1.) Concept and Artist
2.) Extreme sudden mood changes
3.) Compositions became cyclical
4.) Music becomes autobiographical (symphony 5)- personal thoughts are being conveyed.
5.) Scherzo replaces minuet and trio
6.) movements played without pauses

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Attacca

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Movements played without pauses

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To be Marriageable

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most students were women
1.) Speak French
2.) Know about art
3.) Know how to play music (piano)

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Beethoven's Testiment

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1)Plea
2) Suicide note
3) Last Will
4) Artistic manifesto (list)