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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a trill?
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rapid alteration between two notes a step apart
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What is an ornament?
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added notes of other small changes in pitch that dont change the overall character og the melody as mush as they enhance or ornament it
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What is a motive?
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a short fragment that is repeated at certain points.
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What is a theme?
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an entire melody recognizable as a discrete entity.
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What is a structure or form?
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name given to the very largest levels of musical architecture.
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What is a movement?
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movements are set apart by actually stopping the music between each one.
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What is a repitition?
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recurrence of melodic motives and themes.
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What is strophic?
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a song that repeats a group of meoldoes phrases over and over but wuth different words.
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What is a refrain?
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repeat of a section with the same words
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What is the Qur'an?
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the holy book of Islam
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Who is Hafiz?
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irans most favortie poet
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What are the elements of Middle Eastern Music?
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elaborate melodies and melismas, improvisation based on basic tones or melodies, heterophony, phythms based on beat patterns, the use of quater tones.
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What are melisman?
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sung melodies with many notes to a syllable
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What is heterophony?
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the simultaneuous performance of different elaborations of the same melody.
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What is the jewish diaspora?
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the scattering of Jews from their ancestral homeland in Palestine.
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What is a ghawazi?
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women who dance for entertainment
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What is a musiqa?
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the arabic word for music, but never uesed in a religious context
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What is a qira'ah or tilawah?
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chanting of Quar'an versus
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What is the adhan?
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call to prayer
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What is the mu'adhdhin?
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singers of the adhan
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What is dhikr?
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rememberance
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What is dervishes?
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Sufi dance tradition of the Mevlevi of turkey. dancers who whirl around to achieve spiriutal union.
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What are 'ud?
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chordophone from the middle east
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What are tanburs?
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long-necked chordophone from the middle east
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What is a zagharit?
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a ululation, high cry rapidly trilled with the tongue
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How do players play the aerophone and what is it?
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circular breathing, the player blows out while simultaneous breathing in through his nose in order to achieve an uninterupted air stream.
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What is transposition?
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vary the melody bu altering the pitch
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What is modulation?
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vary the meldoy by changoing the key
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What is theme and variation form?
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the study of the possibilities of variation
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What is Rhythm?
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describes how music is organized in time.
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What is tarab?
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the transcendent emotional experience
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What is responsorial?
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alternating leader and group singing. call and response.
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What is antiphonal?
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two alternating groups singing
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What is echoi?
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art music of improvisation and compositions based on modes
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What is maqam?
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art music from the resurgance of classical musical in the late 19 century and the early 20 century
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What are tetrachords?
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segments of four notes
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What are quater-tones?
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an interval half as wide as a semitone
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What are jins?
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arabic theoreoists build up scales from smaller segments
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What are taqsim?
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non-pulsatile improvisations. represents maqam in its purest form.
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What are Layali?
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vocal from in which melismas are used on syllables.
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What is the performance of taqisms?
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a journey through a sequence of emphasized pitches,
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What is sayr?
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the form that uses the principal tones of the maqam scales
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What is iqa'?
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rhythm of arabic music. meters are used to defined by duration, accents, and level of accents
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What is maqsum?
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a simple quadruple pattern. iqa' pattern.
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What is wahdah?
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iqa' patter. simple quadruple meter, but a different sound.
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What is a suite?
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a series of songs and instumentasl pieces unified by their referance to a single maqam.
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What are takht?
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traditional medium for the arabic suite of and ensemble of 5 musicians
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What are mawwal?
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a partly improvised song in colloquial
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What are qasida?
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a song that sets a poem in classical arabid language
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What is an sama'i?
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an instrumental piece with a refrain that begins in a ten-beat iqa', moves to a triple meter, and ends in the original 10 beat
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What is tahmilah?
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an instrumental piece in which the various instruments take turns playing solo improvisation, alternating with a refrain,
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Waht is an firqa?
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a takht of large ensembles (20 or more musicians)
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What is sha'bi?
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movement of the working class and often socially consious
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What is al-jil?
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modern pop music similar to western sounterparts.
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What is nashid?
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ali-jil with explicity islamic lyrics
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What is tarab?
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musical ecstasy
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What is the dastgah?
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iranian classical improvisation
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What is gusheh?
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short relative melodies that compose a dastgah
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What is a radif?
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the entire corpus of dasgah
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What are chahar mezrab?
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strongly rhythmic melodies
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What is a pishdaramad?
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introductory piece for ensemble in duple or triple meter
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What is tasnif?
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a composed song in fixed meter accompanied by a soloist or ensemble
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What is a reng?
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ensemble music in a dance rhthym
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What is a tombak?
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goblet drum
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What is motreb?
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musicians that perform ligt classical, dance, and traditional entertainment music
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What is mahur?
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popular dastgah
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What is Levites?
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hereditary case of professional musicians
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shofar
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a rams horn trumpet
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cantillation
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a standard method of chanting biblical texts
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ta'amim
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the many different melodic formulas fro cantillation are indicated by signs
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cantor
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single singer who performs most music of the temple
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sephardic
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jewish tradition who settled in spain adn portugal
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ashkenazi
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jewish tradition who settled in central adn eastern europe
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hazzanut
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non-pulsaile songs based on certain scales and collections of melodic motives
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shteygers
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modes of he ashkenazi cantoral tradition are complex and include charachteristic motives and tonal relationships used in hazzanut improvisations
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nigun
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songs whose words limits the ineffable feeling of joy
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klezmorim
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jewish folk musicians
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parlando rubato
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popular songs of eastern european tradition
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romance or romancero
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popular genre among jews
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beat
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regular division of time
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non-pulsatile
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no beat
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quasi-pulsatile
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notes are more or less the same length, but rhythm is free so that it is hard to pin down a constant pulse
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pulsatile
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beat
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non-metric
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non-pulsatile, but it does have rhythm
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tempo
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rate of the beae
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accelerando
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increase the rate of the beat
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ritardando or rallentando
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slowing of the rate of the beat
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meter
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the ways beats are organized in time
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triple meter
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beats are grouped in three
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duple meter
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beats that are grouped in two
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compound meter
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beat is divided into three
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simple meter
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beat is divided into two
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syncopation
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rhythm in which the metrical stress of a note is displaced in the meter so that the emphasis occurs on normally unstresssed beats
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accent
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emphasis given tos single note
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timbre
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the quality of an instruments sound
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insturmentation
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choice of instruments that play a certain piece
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orchestration
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art of combining the insturments in different ways for musical effect
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heterogenous
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different instruments
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homogeneous
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same insturments
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mandalas
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elaborate symmetrical paintings that serve as objects of conemplation
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mantra
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chanting of cosmic tones in ritual formulas
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epic songs
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sung by specially trained bards, narrations can grand mythic poems
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multiphonic singing
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remarkable vocal technique in which a single singer can produce two or threee tones at once
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partials
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is what a singer produces to sound like a separate whistleing sounds
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tone-countour melodies
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lacks a convential melody made u of discrete variations in pitch, tone-contour melodies of chants, loudness, and slides between tiny pitch differences
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shamans
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practitioners of Tibet's indigineous religion, Bon
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dung-chen
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massive trumpets
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rul-mo
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cymbols that control the rhythm
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dbyangs
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chants where the melodies consist of subtle changes in timbre, loudness, and sliding pitches
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nga chin
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a kind of double headed bass drum
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brdung
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the series of accelerating strikes on the cymbol
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melismas
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many notes to a single syllable
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sgra-snyan
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a lute with a long unfretted neck
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lhamo
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ametuer troupes also perform sotries from the Gesar epic in a form of theater
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nangma adn toshe
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the art music of tibet
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yangqin
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the hammered dulcimer of china
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ger
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the large round felt covered tent that is the traditional home of mongolians
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urtyn duu
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mongolian long song
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bogino duu
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mongolian short songs
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tuul'
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epic songs of the mongols
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stropically
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each section of an epic song, repeating melodies for the versus
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morin huur
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a fiddle that supports the singer heterotrophically
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multiphonic singing
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prodice more that one pitch simeltaneously
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hoomii, khoomei
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clear melodies
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program music
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provoke images of the mind by envoking emotions, memories, ect
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khomuz
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jaws harp
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morin huur
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large bowed instrument of the lute type
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topshuur
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a two stringed unfretted lute, but hel laterally and plucked
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limba
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small, portable, transverse bamboo flute
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texture
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musical characteristics that describe the relative importance and distributoin of the various instrumental or vocal parts
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monophony
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one sound
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parallel octaves
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two differnt pitches being sung simeltaneously, in monophony
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homophony
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single melody supported by a harmony
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polyphony
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several melodies of more or less equal focus at the same time
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round, canon
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singers sing the same meldoy at staggered time intervals
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imitative polyphony
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one line imitates the melody in another line
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heterophony
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simaltaneous variations
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drone
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long, constant pitch
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dynamics
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the use of loudness as a musical insturnment
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cresendo
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gradually louder
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decresendo
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gradually softer
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resonator
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vibrating part
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sympathetic vibration
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ghost sound casued by a plucked string vibrating a unplucked string tuned to the same pitch
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What are the ways a instuement can be classified?
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chordophone, aerophone, membranophone, idiophone, electrophone
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chordophone
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string unstruemnts, vibrating string
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aerophone
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wind intstruments, a column of air within the instruments makes the sound
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membranophone
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a membrane (skin) stretched over a resonaor or frame makes the sound
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idiophone
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the entire instrument vibrates to make one sound
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electrophone
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makes a sound with a loudspeaker
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bridge
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used to lift the string up over the body of an instrument os that it virbrates freely
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fret
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intermediate bridge
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glissando
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sliding pitch
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whammy bar
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modern innovation used on electric guitars to slide the pitch up and down
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course
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collection of adjacent strings associated with a particular pitch
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gharana
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a particular school of vocal instrumental performance in India's classical music traditions
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drone
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extended pitch
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mantras
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repeated scriptures, prayers, or phonetic formulas that through repition, enhance ones karma or predisposition to goodness.
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vedas
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unmetered songs of devotion and ritual that form the oldest books of the hindu religion
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hindustani
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northern india
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karnatic
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southern india
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what are the charachteristics os indian music?
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melodic improvisation by a soloist, accompaniment by a druummer, improvisation based on raga, cyclic conception of meter, drone
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accompaniment by a druummer
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a single drummer using palms and fingers no sticks to play elaborate patterns to accompany classical performances
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melodic improvisation by a soloist
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improv of a soloist playing a melodic instrument
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improvisation based on raga
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improv of a raga
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raga
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the collection of guidelines for a particular melodic improvisation
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cyclic conception of meter
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made up of cycles of beat groups in a system called tala
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drone
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constantly sounding pitch; string instrument such as a tamburu
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raga
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the meldoci basis of the piece
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tala
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metrical basis of a piece
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bandish
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ragas precomposed songs or themes in northern india
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gitam
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ragas precomposed songs or themes in southern india
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guru
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indiviual teacher
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gharana
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a particular school or vocal or instrument performance
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sitar
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a plucked lute with frets
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sarod
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a plucked lute without frets
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sarangi
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a bowed lute
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bansri
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a transverse flute
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bin
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an ancient and venerated plucked stick-zither
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harmonium
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a portable reed organ
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tabla
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a pair of small drums
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mrdangam
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a single wih two heads
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drone
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long or unchanging note
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tambura
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an indian string instrument normally plays the drone in northern india
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sruti box
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a specialized reed organ in south india that normally plays the drone
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taraf
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sympathetic strings
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What components does raga include?
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a tuning system, scale system, tonic, certain melodic motives that are associated with a particular raga, certain ornamentation practices, extramusical association
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alap
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non-pulsatile intro
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how many pitches does raga use
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7
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sa
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is the tonic or home pitch
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sruti
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microtone, a verysmall interval
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melakarta
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all the posible seven note scales that can be used
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semitone
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interval between any two adjacent notes in the complex twelve-tone per octave tuning system
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komal
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lowered tone
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tivra
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raised tone
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shuddh
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unaltered tone
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that
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a system of 32 possible heptatonic scales
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arohana
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ascnding scales
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avarohana
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descending scale
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chalan
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more expanded representation of a ragas characteristic rising and falling melody that includes its characteristic motvies
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vadi
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principal tone
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samvadi
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secondary principal tone usually 3 or 4 pitches above vadi
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gamak or gamaka
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characteristic ornamentation
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pakar
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uniquely associated with certain ragas
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gat
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metered section
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cadences
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ends of phrases
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rasa
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specific feelings that art can express
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ragamala
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paintings that depict certain scenes that illustrate the mood of a raga
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yoga
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spiritual discipline
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quanitative accents
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syllables are accented not through loudness but by holding them twice as long as unaccented syllables
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tala or tal
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cycling rhythms tha define repeating meters
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sam
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stresss is usually placed on the first beat
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khali
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opposite of sam, deemphsize beat of a cycle
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tali
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beats that are neither sam or khali, but are vibhag
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theka
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pattern in bols in northern india
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sokattu
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pattern of bols in southern india
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alap
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the non-pulsatile section that begins a classical indian performance
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scat
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jazz vocalists improvisation
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qawal
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important type of relisgous songs
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qawwali
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wandering sufi mystics who sang devotional islamic songs
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dholak
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small hand held drum
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dhrupad
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grand but austere vocal froms
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pakhavaj
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ancient double headed drum
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khyal
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most prominent vocal genre in hindustani
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tans
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fast scalar runs
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tarana
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fast scat section
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thumri
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most important light classical vocal genre
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kriti
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most popular of the major vocal forms of south indian performances
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pallavi
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refrain of kriti music
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caranam
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the verse of kriti music
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anupallavi
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contrasting section to krtit
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ragam-tanam-pallavi
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a long and virtuosic form asssociated with court patronage
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bhajan
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popular devotional songs
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tillana
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popular dance songs
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kirtana
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songs hat include improv and form and intermediate step
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cinna melm
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instrumental ensemble of the Kerala state
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khamak
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string drum
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minimalism
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a style in which compersors experimentad with a minimum of means
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