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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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modern humans in South Africa
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100,00 yrs
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4th-5th century
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Bantu speaking people into South Africa
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British, French, Dutch, German
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major groups of european settlers to South Africa from 16th century
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1961
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south Africa republic, independent from British control
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1948-1990
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apartheid years, Afrikaner Nationalist Regime
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1994
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Mandel, first democratically elected black south african president
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11 official languages
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reconciling post-apartheid gesture to linguistic diversity
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African National Congress, Democratic Alliance
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two major political parties in contemporary South Africa
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20,00 diverse plants
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10% of all known plant species in the world found in south Africa
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Wimoweh/Mbube/In the Jungle
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song composed by Solomon Linda, Zulu migrant worker
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isicathamiya
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“to walk stealthily, like a cat”
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mariba
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south african blues in a keyboard/guitar style from 1920’s
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kwela
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pennywhistle music fom 1940’s and 50’s
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mbaqanga
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studio produced black popular music of 1960’s
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mqashiyo
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Mahlathini, Lion of Soweto, popularized
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Rebecca Malope
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biggest selling gospel artist
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maskanda
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zulu guitar music derived from musical bow
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kwaito
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post apartheid popular music
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Abdullah Ibrahim, Hugh Masakela, Sathima Bea Benjamin
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south african jazz musicians
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Mbira
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specific type of lamellophone - an instrument featuring rows of metal tongues, attached to a soundboard - is most commonly associated with Shona “traditional” music in ZImbabwe
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Shona
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language majority of zimbabwe speaks
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chimurenga
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term used in zimbabwe to refer to “struggle”. This term would later be used to designate a form of popular music associated with political revolution
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interlocking melodies
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term describes musical interaction between two mbira melodies in traditional Shona mbira performances
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kushaura
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term used to designate the main melody or lead part in mbira musical performance
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kutsinhira
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term used to designate the secondary melody, played on a second mbira, which follows the primary melody in mbira performances
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kudeketera
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term used to designate poetic or narrative text used in traditional mbira performances, this is one among three primary singing styles used in mbira musical performance
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Thomas Mapfumo
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what major zimbabwe musician modernized traditional mbira music by tranferring its melodic/rhythmic patterns to electiric guitar/bass/drum kit
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hosho
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percussion instrument often accompanies the mbira in performance.
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mbira dzavadzimu
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of the five primary types of mbira in Zimbabwae, this type holds the most spiritual significance in ritual occasions.
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Paul Berliner
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this ethnomusicologist wrote the first major text on traditional Shona musical practice, specifically mbira music.
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Thomas Turino
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this ethnomusicologist wrote about how traditional music became a prominent symbol of nationalism in Zimbabwea.
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Harpsichord
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Kevin Volans, a western music composer, used this instrument to replace the mbira in the performance of his piece “Mbira”
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Hi Hat cymbal
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Zimbabwean popular music like that played by Thomas Mapfumo, the 1-2-3, 1-2-3 rhythmic pattern of the traditional hosho is often transferred to this instrument
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Robert Mugabe
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this autocratic figure came to power in Zimbabwe in 1980, and has maintained up to the present
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Hon’era
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among the three primary singing styles used in mbira musical performances, this is the highest pitched and incorporated yodeling techniques
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huro
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among the three primary singing styles used in mbira musical performances, this is uttered in lower pitches and in syllabic declamation (i.e. one note per syllable)
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inherent rhythms
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term describes rhythms/melodies that arise from the interaction of two mbiras in performance. These rhythms/melodies consist of clusters of high middle and low pitches and that might not be the result of one person playing one mbira melody, but rather the way the listener hears two mbiras interacting
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48
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mbira pieces normally are built upon of an extended, repeated cycle of THIS MANY beats
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Ghana
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first sub-saharan country to win independence
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Islam and Catholicism
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main religious influences during colonial west africa period
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great empires in west africa
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Ghana, Mali, Shondai, Yoruba
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Afropop superstar
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Youssou N’Dour
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Capital of Senegal
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Dakar
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Orchestra Baobab
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Cuban music ensemble from Senegal
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Mbalax
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Hybrid mix of senegalese sabar drumming with jazz, salsa, soul, and rock
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Etoile de Dakar
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Youssou N’Dour’s first group
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Baaba Maal
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Mbalax musician from Senegal
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French
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Official language of Mali
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1960
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Mali gained independence
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Sabar, bugarabu, and tama (talking drum)
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percussion instruments used in Mbalax
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Griots
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social and political commentators through music
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Jaliyaa
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praise songs celebrating the acheivements of past heros and contemporary music
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Kora, nkoni and balafon
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musical insturments used in Jaliyaa
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Kora
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21 string harp played throughout west africa
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Balafon
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wooden, tuned percussion instrument from Senegal similar to the marimba
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Negritude
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the motivation to use traditional sounds and mix them with contemporaneous music in Mbalax is influenced, among other ideals by this concept
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Wolof
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largest ethnic group in senegal
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The Gambia
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highly diverse, strip-shaped country along a river that has allowed for exchange in trade in the area for centuries ‘
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Khoisan
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The largest ethnic group of peoples known collectively as bushmen
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Bushmen, Bantu, Western, Hereo
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current day bushmen music has influences from
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Namibia, Botswana, South Africa
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the kalahari extends throughout what countries
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musically induced trance
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bushmen music is centered mainly , but not exclusively, around attaining this phenomenom
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Hand clapping polyrythms, rattles, voices
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musical characteristics of bushmen musical ritual
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Sing and dance wearing strung rattles
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in bushmen music, women clap and sing while men
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Recieve music through dreams and teach it to the community or the person who needs it
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the role of the Shaman in Bushmen rituals is this
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Pigmies
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bushmen yodeling is similar to that of what ethnic group from Central africa
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Hocket and polyrythms
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the musical phenomena common to both groups are
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The “Medicine Man”
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ethnographic film shot in the 1950’s by a harvard expedition
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John Marshall
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the anthropologist who produced this film
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!Kung
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the bushmen portrayed in the film are referred to as
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“Medicine Dance”
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the name for the N/um Tchai, the ritual ceremony portrayed in the film means
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Heal and ward off evil
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the objective of N/um Tchai is to
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The Sun, The Giraffe, the Rain
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names for the worldess songs of the ritual are, for example
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N/Um Tchai
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the main role in the ritual, beside the music, is held by
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Protect the people from the dead
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during the ritual, “Medicine men” may run into the darkness, aiming to
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Musical bows, lamellophones, pluriarcs, guitars, accordions
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musical instrument used by the bushmen
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Lamellophone
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thumb piano, the sound is produced by the plucking of thin plates attached to a wooden frame, known by the Khoisan as stinkane or mbira
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Utilizes instruments and is performed for personal enjoyment rather than group edification
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music performed by the bushmen outside the N/um Tchai has these characteristics
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Mining
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This was the dominant industry in south africa during the 19th and 20th centuries and continues to thrive today
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Khoisan
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this is the major “indigenous” group of south africa, whose existence in the region most likely extends back thousands of years
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market economy
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this economic system was introduced to southern africa through contact with european powers
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Cameroon
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indicate which of these countries does not belong on this list, South Africa, Cameroon, Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique
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South Africa
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this country holds the most economic power in the southern african region today
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Churches
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for some, these institutions serve as prime locations for socializing and music making in southern africa
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HIV-AIDS
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music serves many purposes in Southern Africa, including to raise awareness about this devastating illness
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Modernity
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a state of affairs resulting in a “break” from the past, often (problematically) contrasted with “traditional” ties to the past
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Urban Centers
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these locations became primary site for both education and labor, particularly in the 20th century on to now
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Migration
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new economic developements encouraged this kind of movement between different nation states in Southern Africa
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The Nation State
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the advent of this political entity disrupter traditional tribal movements uin Southern Africa by imposing political borders; music has proven important in fostering group identities within these borders
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Drums
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in contrast to west african traditional music, traditional musics in Southern Africa generally do NOT feature this type of instrument
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gobina ditlhaka
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traditional music in botswana features this type of performance, which means “to dance to the flutes”
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Post-colonial warfare
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this kind of political unrest much of southern africa has been in since the fall of colonial powers
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the reclaiming of lost heritage
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in post-colonial southern africa, this was one of music’s most significant social and political functions
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Christianity
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the predominance of 4-part harmony (SATB) in southern africa can be connected to the spread of this major religion and its musical practices
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Islam
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the vocal style of much of south african music, including microtonal inflections, a focus on the power of the poetic text, and nasal timbre, can all be connected with the spread of THIS major religion and its musical practices
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1990
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what year did Nambia formally declare independence
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Arabic Culture
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before the portuguese reached Mozambique in 1489, what culture was the dominant “outside” influence on the country
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1975
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what year did mozambique gain independence from colonial rule
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Hegemony
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dominance and exerting power from a position of complete authority, subjecting someone to being subordinate
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Nelson Mandela
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father of democracy in South Africa
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Cape Town
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city with highest concentration of mixed race people in the world
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Apartheid
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system of racial segregation imposed by a hegemony by a minority onto a majority
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1994
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the year south africa became a democracy
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1980s
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resistance period of apartheid
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Soweto Uprising
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1976 student protest against new apartheid laws
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“homelands”
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rundown slums where Bantu speaking South Africans were placed
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exile
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when you are detached from the kinship tie to your homeland
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“Soweto Blues
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tells story of the Soweto Uprising
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Miriam Makeba
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“Mama Africa” - matriarch of South African music
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Afrikaans
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language of hegemony in S Africa
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Corporeal
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the body and how the body is used as an instrument
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African National Congress
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formed to combat injustice against black South Africans
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Vuvuzela
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noise making device that articulates pleasure at football/displeasure in protest
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Sonic Color
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timbre attached to music
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Diamonds, gold
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resources in south Africa
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England
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head of state before Afrikaner government
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Use of Bantu languages in music during Apartheid
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disseminate secretive messages
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1990
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the year Nelson Mandela was released from prison
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Apartheid
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system of racial segregation imposed by a hegemony by a minority onto a majority
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1600’s
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Dutch settlers came to South Africa
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Early 1900’s
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the government passed early laws of segregation
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1912
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African National Congress formed
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1940s
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apartheid laws extended
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1989
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shanty towns
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Black South Africans
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viewed as terrorists by white minority at height of apartheid
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Archbishop Desmond Tutu
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raised awareness internationally on apartheid
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Coloured
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the racial label for anyone of mixed racial descent
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White
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the racial label for anyone of “pure” racial descent
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Black
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government rejected apartheid
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Bantustans
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the racial label for Bantu-speaking people of South Africa
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“wicked problem”
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a problem that is impossible to solve, making itself worse
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1820s
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British colonize South Africa
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Hugh Masekela
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significant South African musicians and trumpeter
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“Stimela” Coal Train
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song about migrant workers
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Handel
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German composer of coronation anthems
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Royal Scepter
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symbolizes sovergn of England
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Hendrix Verwoerd
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architect of apartheid
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Toi Toi (Toyi Toyi)
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a musical protest
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Abeokuta
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Fela was born here
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Lagos
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capital of Nigeria
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Biafra
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the civil war of 1967 was fought over this independent republic
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Ebga,Ife, Oyo
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Yoruba sub groups
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Fulani, Hausa
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Muslim populations in the north
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Independence of Nigeria
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1960
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Kalakuta Republic
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Fela’s communal house in Lagos
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The Shrine
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Club, concert house, and temple created by Fela
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Syncretism
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borrowing, refashioning, and integration of foreign cultural elements into one’s own culutural framework
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1914
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The british unification of the colony and protectorate of Nigeria was completed
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Yakubu Gowon
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first dictator of Nigeria
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Fela’s commune was raided in
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1974 and 1977
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Fela wanted to be “Black President” in
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1979 and 1983
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Fela “found” Africa in
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LA, USA 1969
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Movement of the People
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Fela’s political party
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Civil Rights and Black Power
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changed Fela’s view of Africa
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Anikulapo
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“He who carries death in his pouch”
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“Music is the Weapon”
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documentary on Fela Kuti shot in 1982
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The Yoruba subgroup Fela belongs to
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Egba
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The women living with Fela were known as
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Queens
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Frantz Fanon
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French- Algerian, Martinque - born psychologist, theorist of postcolonialism
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“Three phases of the native intellectual”
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Identification, celebration, criticism
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Fela’s career can be divided in
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Nationalist (1958-1974) and Liberationist (1974-1994)
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“Funmilayo” Ransome-Kuti
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Mother
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Nigerian Women’s Union
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founded by Funmilayo
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Reverend Israel Ransome - Kuti
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Father
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Highlife
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Big band dance music from Ghana
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Dr. Victor Olaiya
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“Evil Genius of Highlife”, Fela and his drummer played in his orchestra
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“Taxi Driver”
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Highlife hit, sung by Bobby Benson
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Koola Lobitos
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Fela’s first band
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Geraldo Pino
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West African Soul Superstar
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Yoruba drumming, soul, highlife
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Musical influences in Afrobeat
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“Power to the People”
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West African Soul, sung by Geraldo Pino
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“Lady”
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Composition by Fela dealing with women’s role in African Society
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Language, class, power and corruption
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issues criticized in Fela’s late music
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Afrika 70
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Fela’s band through the 70s
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Postcolonial art
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assess the damage of colonial occupation and recover icons of traditional culture for contemporary use
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Orishas
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Yoruba deities
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Pidgin English
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language composed of the mixture of the different languages in a certain location
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“Classical African Music”
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replaced the label of “Afrobeat” in Fela’s late music
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