Music Lit 1 Unit 3

Front 1

When did Polyphonic music start? How did it "start"?

Back 1

c. 1000 AD
Because Churches started allowing polyphonic music into service

Front 2

What is the 1st form of polyphonic music in the church? Where was it used?

Back 2

Organum.
Used in mass.

Front 3

Name the two types of Organum

Back 3

Early Organum and Florid Organum

Front 4

What does Homorhythmic mean?

Back 4

Notes that are played or sung move together, note for note.

Front 5

What is Early Organum based on?

Back 5

Chant

Front 6

What is Organum with two voices called? How about 3?

Back 6

Organum Duplum
Organum Triplum

Front 7

What are the two voices called in Early and Florid Organum?

Back 7

Chant Line: Vox Principalis
Added Line: Vox Organalis

Front 8

What is the difference between Early and Florid Organum?

Back 8

Early Organum is Homorhythmic and the Chant line is on the top.

Florid Organum has the chant line on the bottom and is slower. Because the Added line had many more notes, Florid Organ is not Homorhythmic.

Front 9

What kind of rhythmic dictation was used for Florid Organum?

Back 9

The rhythm was decided by the Rhythm of the text, coupled by the grouping of notes and used ligitures/stems (lines to connect the chant.) This eventually developed into the 6 different Rhythmic Modes.

Front 10

What were the 6 Rhythmic Modes based on?

Back 10

The Romance Language patterns. (Long, short, long, short)

Front 11

When and where does Organum flourish?

Back 11

12th Century in Paris at Notre Dame Cathedral (one of the first Universities)

Front 12

Name the first 3 Universities and where they're from

Back 12

Salamanca, Spain
Bologna, Italy
Notre Dame, France
(all universities)

Front 13

Name the 2 choir masters that developed polyphonic music in the late 1100's.

Back 13

Leonin (Older)
Perotin (Student)

Front 14

What is the Evolution of Notation?

Back 14

1. Music was passed orally
2. Lines above text
3. Heightened Neumes (dots)
4. Red Lines F
5. Yellow line C
6. 11th century had 4 line staff and cleffs for the neumes

Front 15

Why were there only 4 lines on primitive Staff music?

Back 15

Because voice range didn't reach the range of 5 lines.

Front 16

Who was responsible for the development of the 4 line staff? What else has he done?

Back 16

Guido of Arezzo
He trained monks to sing and read and developed the Guidonian Hand, or Solfege.

Front 17

Name the 5 types of Polyphonic music written by Leonin and Perotin.

Back 17

1. Organum in 2 and 3 voices
2. Conductus
3. Motets
4. Clausula (Leonin)
5. Substitute Clausula (Perotin)

Front 18

Where were the pieces written by Leonin and Perotin contained in?

Back 18

The Musica Enchiades (music handbook)

Front 19

What are the sound qualities of a Conductus?

Back 19

Polyphonic (2-3 voices)
Newly Composed
Homorhythmic
Use a single text

Front 20

What is a Clausula and who were they written by?

Back 20

A Mellismatic chant (amen, alleluia) extracted from its original source and used as the basis for a new Polyphonic work. Written by Leonin

Front 21

What are some qualities of a Clausula?

Back 21

Polyphonic (2-3 voices)
Can use a new text or maintain the old text
Found anywhere in Mass
Free rhythmically

Front 22

What is a Substitute Clausula and who wrote them?

Back 22

A new melody in place of the original chant melody found in the original Clausula. Written by Perotin.

Front 23

What are some qualities of a Substitute Clausula?

Back 23

Substitute Clausulas were more rhythmically precise (more strict with rhythm)

Front 24

What were Clausulas and Substitute Clausulas used as basic material for?

Back 24

Motets

Front 25

Motets were originally intended for ___ but later became ____ works

Back 25

Church, Secular

Front 26

What's the big defining thing about motets?

Back 26

Usually had 3 texts.

Front 27

What are the 3 voices in a Motet called (from the bottom on up)

Back 27

Tenor, Duplum, Triplum

Front 28

What does Tenor mean?

Back 28

"To hold"

Front 29

What book contained all kinds of motets?

Back 29

The Magnus Liber Organi

Front 30

Which of the 3 voices in a motet were generally the shorter text (slower changing notes)

Back 30

The Tenor

Front 31

Name the 3 types of motets

Back 31

Notre Dame Motet
Franconian Motet
Petronian Motet

Front 32

How were Motets titled?

Back 32

With the First word of each voice, starting with the Triplum, then the Duplum, then the tenor.

Front 33

What is unique about a Notre Dame Motet?

Back 33

Upper Voices are similar (or even homorhythmic) and used the rhythmic modes.
Latin Texts were used
Tenor is reasonably speedy compared to the other two

Front 34

Who wrote Franconian Motets? Who was he?

Back 34

Franco of Cologne
German Monk/ Musician/ Theoritician
Wrote more complex Motets

Front 35

How were Franconian Motets more complex than Notre Dame Motets?

Back 35

Duplum had more text and thus was faster
Triplum had even more text and moved even more faster
Tenor is Slower. Could be played on an instrument

Front 36

What sort of note did the Tenor sing in a Franconian Motet?

Back 36

"Double Long" Note

Front 37

What is Mensural Notation?

Back 37

Franco developed a new rhythmic notation due to the complexity of his Motets. This was his system.

Front 38

When were Franconian Motets written?

Back 38

1250-1280 AD

Front 39

Who wrote Petronian Motets and around what time?

Back 39

Petrus de Cruce
c. 1280 AD

Front 40

What made a Petronian Motet even more complicated than a Franconian Motet?

Back 40

Triplum was almost speech like
Duplum was about the same as a Franconian Motet
Tenor was very slow

Front 41

How was Petronian Motets notaded?

Back 41

Choir book Format.

Front 42

What is a Hocetus?

Back 42

A "Hiccup" in a Motet
When one voice would rest and another voice jumps to sing the resting voices note

Front 43

What is the time Period of the Ars Antiqua?

Back 43

1150-1300 AD