Music History Midterm

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doctrine of ethos

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The Idea that the ethics or ethos of a music could effect a persons ethics and ethos. this was based on pythagoruses idea that music reflect the mathamtical perfection of the real world. discussed in aristotles "polotics", he argued that because of this music should be included in education.

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tetra chord

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four note scale spanning a perfect fourth.

three types or GENUS of the tetra chord are diatonic chromatic and enhamonic

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greater perfect system

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A set of four tetra chords plus one lowest note to create a two octave range. considered CONJUNCT if the tetra chords shared a note, or DISJUNCT if they were seperated by a whole step. the inner two notes of every tetra chord was moveable.

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tonoi (tonos)

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diffent scales or sets of pitches set up or town. similar to transposition. but not to be confused with species of consonances, which are closer to modes. it was said that it affected songs mood and character

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tibia

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The roman version of the aulos ( reed instrument)

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centonization

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combining standard formulas to make a new melody. some motives were used for a particular type of chant or melodic styles.
used to make many melodies in byzantine chant.

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musica mundana

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the first of three types of music that boethius explained in his "de institution musica". MUSICA MUNDANA is the music of the universe, or the music of the spheres, the harmony of numerical relations controlling the movement of planets and stars. the other types were musica humana, the harmonies of the human spirit and body, and musica instumentalis, music that is played on instruments or sung. all three were heavily mathematical.

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liber usualis

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known as the "book of common use" it contained a compilation of the "gradual" ( a chants for mass) and the "antiphoner" (songs for the offices). contained the most frequently used songs and chants. still in use today. used SOLOMENS NOATATION

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cantillation

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the method of chanting sacred text with melody. often occurred in synagogues with reading of Scripture.

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solesmes notation

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A modernized form of chant notation created by the monks of the benedictine abbey of solesmes in the 19th century. used neumes that only represented one syllable. was included in the LIBER USUALIS.

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boethius

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(408-524) was the most revered authority on music in the middle ages. Belived that music was a science of numbers much like Pythagoras . Wrote "de instituione musica" which contained his definitions of the three types of music, including "musica mundana". belived in the "indoctrination of ethos"

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edict of milan

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The legalization of Christianity by emperor Constantine (272-337). this resulted in the councile of niceya, the comunion of christian leaders to discuss and unify christianity and chirstian traditions

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hildegard von bingen

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(early 12th) lived in a convent, where she became abess and studied music and writting. wrote the sacred music drama, ORDO VIRTUTUM. she was also a visionary.

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micrologus

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written by guido of arezo (earlly 11th) it is a practical guide for singers that covers notes, scales, modes, melodic composition and improvised polyphony.

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EUOUAE

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the termination of an antiphon, using the vowels for the last six sylables of the doxology.
EUOUAE for saEcUlOrUm AmEn.

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syllabic, neumatic mellismatic

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Sylabic: chants in which every sylable has a single note.
neumatic: chant in which one sylable carrys a one to six NEUMS or notes.
Mellismatic: when sylable has many notes over a long passage.

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trope

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expanded an existing chant in one of three ways.
1.) by adding new words and music before the chant and between phrases.
2.) by adding melody only, extenting melismas or adding new ones

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guidonian hand

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A pedicogical tool used to teach singing. the teaher would have the students sing intervals by pointing with their left hand to the joints on their right. each joint stood for the twenty two notes of the system. Guido boste that, using Solesmes notation he could teach a student to sing in a year.

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goliard song

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latin songs of the traveling goliard students of the late 10th century. their text involved everything from region, to morals, to love and drinking.

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shawm

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a double reed instument simlar to an oboe and was a medivela instument.

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wipo

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Champlin to the holy roman emporer, wrote the SEQUENCE victimae pascali laudes

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portative

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A small portable organ which could be carried or suspended. used around the 12th century.

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florid organum

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a type of agreeable harmony between two voices in which the lower voice is moving at a much slower rate than the upper voice. part of aquitanian polyphony in the 12 century.

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rythmic modes

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develpoed in the late 12th century. with the basic time unit being tempus, there were six differnet modes, which consisted of a group or two groupings of 3 eighth notes and were signified by longs ( units of time) or breves ( one unit) they were written as ligatures.

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ligatures

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componations of notegroups to indicate different patters in the rhythmic modes. patterns of longs and breves. related to the rhytmic modes of the 12th century

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chanson de geste

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an epic in the northern france vernacular recounting deeds of national heroes and sung to simple melodic formulas. around the 12th century

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substitute clausula

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changes in phrases. clausula means phrase. many organum were made of these small contained phrases, but people would set segments of chant and change these or "substitute" them.

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hocket

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from the french word, hiccup. it is when two voices alternate in rapid succession, each resting while the other sings, so that the melody is "hicuped between them. appear in 13th century century motets but frequently occure in 14th century isorhytmic works with reoccurance of talea. associated with de vitry and the ars nova

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choir book format

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changes in motet style lead to changes in notation and format
scribes wrote before the printing press, to save money they wrote facing pages or separate columns.
notation.

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musica enchiriadis

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Anonomous 9th century handbook. directed at students, introduced a system of chant notation, describes 8 CHURCH MODES. Related to Guido de arezzoa MICROLOGUS and BOETHIUS.

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cantor or hazzan

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the leader of a choir or soloist on antiphonal chant (call and response)

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magnus liber organi

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"great book of polyphony" compiled by leonin in the late 12century. leonin studied at the university of paris. see also viderunt omnes

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winchester troper

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early 11th. from winchester chateral contained 174 organa, (suposadly by wulfstan of winchester). showed that organum could become a form of compostion as well as a manner of performing chant. see also guido de arezzo and florid organum

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iso rhythem

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used by phillipe de vitry in the ars nova (france 14th century) meaning equal rhythm, containting color ( melody) and talea (rhtyem) was a technique in which the tenor is laid out in segments of identical rhythms. this advanced the idea of that was used in the notre dame clausula. see also breve, semi breve, perfect/imperfect time, and major/minor prolarion

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formes fixes

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three fixed forms
virelie Abba
rondeau AbaAabAB
balade aabaabaab
see also machaut

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humanism

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Renascence idea, the study of humans and humanties

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caccia

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parralles the french "chase". a popular meldoy is set to a strict cannon, set to livley music. 14th century italy

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musica ficta

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feigned music, the chromatic alteration of notes to avoid tritones melodically or harmonically, or make for a smoother melodic line. 14th century

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sackbut

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similar to the modern day trombone, new to the renaissance

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arsnova

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meaning new art in France of 14th century. the use of iso rhythms emerge, new innovations in writing rhythms, the hocket, motets, compositions by machaut, and philipe de vitry discant style, form fixes and alot of other ****.

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roman de fauvel

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parts written by phillipe de vitry in the ars nova (14th century france) an anti establishment poem characterizing the pope as an ass. includes iso rhythms.

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squarcialupi codex

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richly decorated manuscript of 14th century italian polyphony, contains 354 pieces, mostly for 2 or 3 voices, by torcento composers.

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english discant

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similar to fuxburden and old hall manuscript and fauburden

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fauxbourdon

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successions of thirds and sixths, inspired by english faubourdon. du fay(15th) made them famouse. only the cantus and tenor were written third unwritte voice sang parralle 4th bellow cantus. see Burgundian music

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old hall manuscript

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source of English 15th century polyphony, consisted of settings of sections of the mass ordinary along with motets hymns and sequences. showed English preferences of thirds and 6ths. see fauburden/fauxburden/ English discant style.

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l'homme arme

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french vernacular song, everyone and their brother had a mass setting of this, josquin de prez had two. very famous.

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mensuration cannon

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different voices moving at differnet rates using differnt mensuration signs.

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harmonice musices odehecaton

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ottavio petrucci ( late 15th century) bouth out this first collection of polyphonic music printed from entirly moveable type. had a monopoly on rinted music in venice.

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contenance angloise

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english guise (england and brugundaian regions in the 15th century) . frequent use of harmonic thirds and 6ths often in parallel motion. homo rhythmic textures and simple melodies.

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missa prolationum

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by jean de ockeghem 15th century. using four prolations of mensural

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albigensian crusadea

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13th century pope innocetn declared crusades against regions of southern france occtian

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diablos en musica

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tritone.

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ottaviano de pettrucci

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ottavio petrucci ( late 15th century) bouth out this first collection of polyphonic music printed from entirly moveable type. had a monopoly on rinted music in venice. harmonice musices odehecaton

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calvanism

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(16th century) Protestantism, rejected papal society, thought only psalms should be sung. monophonic or at least . thought lots of stuff would distract. predestination,

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cannonical hours

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developed over hundreds of years, collection of songs, know as the office, monks meeting place to sing pslams. petronian, mos

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wipo

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11th century, see victimai pascauli laudes and forms

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papal skism

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undermined church athorityin the 14th century.

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chairoscuro

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perspective cleanlines balance. renicance. light dark