Music History Ii (1750- )

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Johann Joachim Quantz

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1697-1773

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Giovanni Sammartini

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1701-1775

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Louis XV

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1710-1774

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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1712-1778

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Christoph Willibald Gluck

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1714-1787

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CPE Bach

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1714-1788

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Johann Stamitz

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1717-1757

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Sir John Hawkins

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1719-1789

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Charles Burney

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1726-1814

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Franz Joseph Haydn

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1732-1809

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Johann Christian Bach

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1735-1782

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Karl von Dittersdorf

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1739-1799

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Luigi Boccherini

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1743-1805

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Johann Wolfgang Goethe

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1749-1832

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Marie Antoinette

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1755-1793

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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1756-1791

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Luigi Cherubini

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1760-1842

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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1769-1821

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Ludwig von Beethoven

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1770-1827

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First performance of NY Messiah

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1770

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Burney's History of Music published

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1776

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Beginning of French Revolution

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1789

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Haydn's first London trip

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1790

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Haydn's second London trip

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1794

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Paris Conservatory founded

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1795

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Beethoven's first symphony completed

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1799

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Classical Period

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1750-1820

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What is the name of the movement that affected many areas of society, including the arts, during the Classical Era?

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The Enlightenment

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This is a term used to describe arts concerned mainly with logic, form, balance, and restrained expression.

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Classic

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These two countries became centers of musical activity in the Classical Era.

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Austria and Germany

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These became established institutions during the Classical Era.

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Concert hall and opera house

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Music of this era served a highly sophisticated and aristocratic society.

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Classical Era

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The movement in the Classical Era that belies the ideal of restraint and emotional detachment and did not avoid representation.

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Sturm and Drang (storm and stress)

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This was the typical form of Classical compositions.

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One melody contrasting with another, ABA form.

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These were important characteristics of Classical melodies.

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Lyricism and smooth, melodic contours.

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The name for fast ascending chordal patterns in Classical music.

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Rocket patterns

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This was a style of music emphasizing simplistic melodies and refined expression.

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Empfindsamer Stil

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This was an important formal rhythmic device in Classical music.

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Alberti bass

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This became an expressive rhythmic factor in the Classical Era.

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Silence

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What types of rhythmic patterns did Classical composers often use?

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Simple and constant rhythmic patterns

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What were the primary harmonic devices used in the Classical era?

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Primary chords, inversions, and seventh chords

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This is the name for a cadence where the final tonic is on a weak beat.

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Unaccented cadence

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What was the most common musical texture of the Classical era?

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Homophonic

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These became commonplace in the Classical era as a means of achieving contrast.

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Dynamic markings

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A form of vocal music which carried over from the Baroque period, sometimes involving minimal accompaniment, sometimes involving more accompaniment.

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Recitative

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This church, centered in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, generated a sizeable repertory of music for various vocal combinations

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Moravian church

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While this was not the most common texture of Classical music, it still existed on various vocal forms, e.g. Die Schopfung by Haydn

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Polyphony

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This song form, characterized by simple folklike melodies, replaced the ornamented pathos of 17th century arias and songs.

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Lied

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This was the name of the clash between the newly vogue Italian opera and the previously established French opera.

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War of the Buffoons

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These composers were responsible for the most significant reforms in 18th Century opera.

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Gluck and Mozart

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This vocal form is a carryover from the Baroque period, but with an emphasis on Classical characteristics during the Classical era.

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Oratorio

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One of the more prevalent forms of religious music composed during the Classical period

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The Mass

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This was the most representative single-movement form of the Classical era

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Sonata-allegro (first movement)

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This was the typical plan for the sonata-allegro form.

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Exposition (tonic-dominant-tonic or tonic-relative major- tonic)
Development
Recapitulation

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This song form had its origins in the Baroque ritornello form.

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Rondo

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This composite form for solo instrument usually contained three or four movements, first in sonata form, second a slow movement, a minuet and trio, and finally a fast movement in Rondo or Sonata form.

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Sonata

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This is a sonata for ochestra, of which there were two important "schools" during the Classical era.

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Symphony

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These were the two important symphonic schools of the Classical era.

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Mannheim school and Viennese school

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This composite form was a work for solo instrument with orchestral accompaniment.

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Concerto

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This is the general term for music for small ensembles.

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Chamber music

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This composite form was comprised of pieces written for specific occasions and were related to earlier suites and sinfonie of the Baroque.

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Serenades, Divertimenti, Cassations, and Notturni

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He was a pioneer in the development of the Classic sonata and was known for his chamber music in the Classic style.

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Sammartini

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An opera pioneer who eliminated virtuosity, focusing instead on lyric simplicity, and made other significant developments in the opera form.

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Gluck

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A well-known keyboard performer who was influential in establishing the form and styl of Classic composition and is often credited for being the first to write in sonata form.

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CPE Bach

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The founder of the Mannheim school and composer of approximately 74 symphonies

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Stamitz

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The father of the symphony, he was a prolific writer who exemplified the patronage system.

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Haydn

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The London Bach, he was music master to the Queen of England.

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Johann Christian Bach

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One of the last significant composers to show the restraint of the Classical era

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Luigi Cherubini

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A composer and flutist who wrote a treatise on playing the transverse flute, which is also a valuable source regarding performance practice of the time

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Johann Quantz

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A French writer and philosopher who wrote the Dictionaire de musique.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Wrote the Preface to Alceste, an important treatise on opera.

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Gluck

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He wrote Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule, an important treatise on principles of violin playing, and one of the eminent violin teachers of the time.

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Leopold Mozart

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An English music historian who wrote A General History of Music.

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Sir John Hawkins

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The most important English music historian of the 18th Century, he wrote A General History of Music, the first important musical history to be published in English.

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Charles Burney

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The Romantic Period

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1820-1900

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This philosophy tended to isolate creative personalities because their practices and beliefs were often in opposition and complex.

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Romanticism

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This historic event spurred an artistic movement concerned with the ideals of liberty and individualism.

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French Revolution

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During this period, a large, but generally unsophisticated, audience evolved which composers clamored to capture the interest of.

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Romantic

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The virtuoso performer came into vogue during this period, writing music to dazzle audiences with their technical prowess.

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Romantic

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This was a type of music intended to tell a specific story.

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Program music

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This was the type of music which did not tell a specific story, but relied more heavily upon form and the music itself.

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Absolute music

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The Romantic period gave rise to this type of music, intended to inspire patriotism and extol national characteristics.

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Nationalism

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These were the three most prominent "free" forms of the Romantic period.

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Ballade, nocturne, and fantasy.

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A practice in which some of the same thematic material is used in each movement as a means of maintaining constant expressive characteristics.

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Cyclic construction

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This technique helped create harmonic tension.

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Chromaticism

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This was characterized by an intensity of personal feelings.

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Melody

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Rhythm utilized some of these tools to create more irregular, interesting, and complex rhythmic structure.

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Changes in beats per measure, cross-rhythms, and syncopation

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While music in the Romantic period was still tonal, this was eroded during the period.

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A tonal center

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This became the most popular instrument of the Romantic period.

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Piano

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This became an important part of melodic and harmonic structure during the Romantic period.

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Tone color

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This became the favorite large ensemble of the Romantic era.

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Romantic orchestra

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This was an important musical medium of the Romantic period, using drama, poetry, and action, along with music, to make a powerful emotional impression on the audience.

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Opera

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This form made its appearance in the Romantic era as a development of comic opera forms.

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Operetta

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Because the orchestra was enlarged and became more important, this person emerged as a virtuoso performer.

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Conductor

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He was the most successful piano virtuoso of the Romantic period.

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Franz Liszt

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He developed the technique of the violin to its current state.

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Niccolo Paganini

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This important vocal form including both strophic and through-composed music and included the German Lieder.

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Art song

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This was a technique of Italian Romantic Opera which embraced realism.

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Verisimo

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This style of Romantic opera was characterized by greater dramatic unity, better-developed characters, and more credible plots.

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Italian opera

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This style of Romantic opera treated historical subjects and was an art form of excess.

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French opera

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This style of Romantic opera presented operas based upon German legends and folklore.

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German Romantic Opera

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This style of Romantic opera was conceived of as a form in which all the arts were woven into one cohesive and continuous line of dramatic expression.

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German Music-Drama Opera

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This composer was largely responsible for the development of German Music-Drama Opera

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Wagner

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This is the practice of using certain instruments or themes to represent certain characters and themes.

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Leitmotif

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This style of instrumentally accompanied speech used for special effects was sometimes used as an independent form.

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Melodrama

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This style of Romantic opera developed in individual countries and focused on events of national significance.

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Nationalistic opera

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This form was based upon the Classical form of the same name, but contained an expansion of both the melodic and harmonic substance.

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Sonata form

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Dance movements included some of these forms.

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Polonaise, mazurka, and jota

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This form designated a free fantasy on themes of a national or epic character.

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Rhapsody

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Originally study pieces for solo instrument, later expanded to concert works.

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Etudes

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A large concert work that did not attempt to tell a story, but created a mood to be associated with a literary theme, place, or event.

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Concert overture

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He was largely responsible for freeing music from the harmonic, rhythmic, and formal restraints of Classicism.

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Beethoven

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The founder of the German school of opera.

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Carl Maria von Weber

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One of the more prolific Italian opera composers, writing such operas as Luci di Lammermoor, La Fille du regiment, L'elisir d'amore, and Don Pasquale.

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Gaetano Donizetti

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Noted for his gift of melody, he wrote the operas Norma, La sonnambula and I puritani.

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Vincenzo Bellini

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One of the first recognized composers who did not come from a musical family or background, he pioneered the area of symphonic program music and developed the idee fixe.

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Hector Berlioz

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A composer of several hundred Lieder, several of her compositions were attributed to her younger brother.

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Fanny Mendelsohn

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A prolific composer who later became director of the Royal Conservatory in Leipzig.

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Felix Mendelsohn

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Polish composer noted mainly for his piano music, he lived in Paris for most of his adult life in Paris.

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Frederic Chopin

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Founder and director of the Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik, a journal devoted to musical criticism.

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Robert Schumann

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One of the most famous virtuoso pianists of all time, he made the recital a popular form of musical presentation.

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Franz Liszt

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One of the most controversial figures in music history and an important opera composer.

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Richard Wagner

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The greatest figure in the history of Italian opera, he wrote Rigoletto, La forza del destino, La traviata, Aida, and many others.

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Giuseppe Verdi

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A French composer who composed Romeo et Juliette and also composed several important chamber works.

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Charles Gounod

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She was the first prominent female concert pianist.

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Clara Wieck Schumann

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A French Romanticist who was Belgian by birth.

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Cesar Franck

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Austrian composer who developed a serious symphonic style that permeated everything he wrote.

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Anton Bruckner

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A member of the "Russian Five," he wrote several operas, including Prince Igor.

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Alexander Borodin

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A German-born composer who made hi home in Vienna and was championed as a composer by Schumann.

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Johannes Brahms

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One of the first French composers to be strongly influenced by Wagner, he wrote Carmen.

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Georges Bizet

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An ardent Russian nationalist, he was probably the most important member of the "Russian Five."

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Modest Mussorgsky

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The members of the "Russian Five."

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Mussorgsky, Borodin, Cesar Cui, Mily Balakirev, and Mikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

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Russian composer who was not a member of the "Russian Five" and composed more in the style of Schumann and Berlioz.

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Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky

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One of the most important Czech composer, his most popular work is the New World Symphony

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Antonin Dvorak

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Norwegian nationalist who wrote in the style of the German Romantics. Most famous for Peer Gynt and his A minor piano concerto.

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Edvard Grieg

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Russian composer who was wrote a famous treatise on orchestration.

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Rimsky-Korsakov

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A famous Italian opera composer in the verisimo style, the most famous Italian opera composer after Verdi.

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Giacomo Puccini

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Austrian composer who represents the Wagnerian influence on the Lied.

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Hugo Wolf

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The last great composer of the Viennese style whose scores called for enormous orchestral resources.

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Gustav Mahler

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One of the last great Romantic realists, he attained significant wealth during his lifetime and was one of the virtuosi of orchestral writing.

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Richard Strauss

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The most important Finnish composer of the Romantic era.

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Jean Sibelius

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He wrote the first important treatise on orchestration.

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Hector Berlioz

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One of the most prolific writers on the aesthetic and criticism of music among the Romantic composers.

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Richard Wagner

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One of the first and most eminent German historians.

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August Wilhelm Ambros

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English historian who achieved fame by writing the Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

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Sir George Grove

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A German expert on acoustics, he wrote Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als psychologische Grnadlage fur die Theorie der Musik.

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Herman von Helmholz

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The most famous of the Romantic critics and aestheticians, he was a champion of absolutism in music.

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Eduard Hanslick

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He systematized the discipline of musicology.

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Hugo Riemann

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One of the few successful composer to write a text on composition, Cours de Composition musicales.

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Vincent d'Indy

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Because of the commercial aspects of music distribution, this became a phenomenon of the 20th century.

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The concert series

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Wagner's thesis of a synthesis between music and drama came to fruition in this new genre during the 20th century.

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Music for motion pictures

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A new compositional style of the 20th century, this developed as a response to Romanticism by writers. painters, and composers.

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Impressionism

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This was a style that included suggestive colors, lines, words, melodies, and harmonies in which the listener was called upon to complete the images.

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Impressionism

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This device called for the use of more tonal material than the 12 tones of the octave.

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Microtonality

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This 20th century compositional style was based on a set pattern using all twelve tones of the chromatic scale.

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Twelve-tone or dodecaphony

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Many Impressionist composers used this type of scale which does not contain a perfect fourth, fifth, or leading tone, denying a sense of tonic.

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Whole tone scale

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This 20th century vocal technique, which means "speech voice," uses the contours of expressive text without specific tonal designation.

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Sprechstimme

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This term is used to describe music that does not adhere to traditional notions of tonality.

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Atonality

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Renowned Czech composer whose most significant musical contributions occurred during the 20th century, including several significant operas.

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Leos Janacek

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One of the greatest English composers since Purcell.

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Edward Elgar

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The leading figure of the Impressionist movement, he thought himself as a Symbolist and not an Impressionist.

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Claude Debussy

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This American composer led a double life, working as an insurance broker while also composing. Inversion, retrograde, augmentation, and diminution are all characteristics of his music.

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Charles Ives

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The three most important composers of the Second Viennese School.

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Schoenberg, Webern, and Berg

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Most frequently associated with Webern's music, this style utilized single notes of varying instruments.

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Pointillism

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One of the most expressive of 12-tone composers, composed the opera Wozzeck.

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Alban Berg

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One of Russia's outstanding 20th century composers, he listed his style as including classicism, innovation, the motoric element, and lyricism.

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Sergei Prokofiev

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A prolific composer who made use of dissonance in free counterpoint and composed music for use in common life.

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Paul Hindemith

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The first American composer to incorporate jazz rhythms in classical music.

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George Gershwin

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The leading Russian composer of the 20th century, he wrote 15 symphonies, the 5th of which is his most popular.

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Dmitri Shostakovich

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Austrian musicologist who led the development of the science of musical research.

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Guido Adler

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Italian composer and piano virtuoso who wrote The Essence of Music and Other Papers and Entwurf einer neuen Aesthetik der Tonkust.

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Ferruccio Busoni

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Austrian theorist whose system of analysis has been influential in theory and composition and is still taught in most music schools.

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Heinrich Schenker

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The late 20th century practice of developing notational symbols for specific compositions.

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Devised notation

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English composer whose texted music shows a deep interest in social issues.

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Michael Tippett

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Italian composer who combined 12-tone with the Italian tradition of lyrical style.

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Luigi Dallapiccola

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French composer who pioneered the area of tonal serialism.

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Olivier Messiaen

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The serial organization of sounds, durations, dynamics, and articulations.

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Tonal serialism

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American composer whose radical experiments in music included placing objects on piano strings (prepared piano) and experimentations in aleatoric and random compositions.

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John Cage

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One of the most eminent British 20th century composer, most known for his operas and choral works.

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Benjamin Britten

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The practice of placing various objects on piano strings, such as paper, erasers, and screws.

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Prepared piano

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Ameican 20th century composer who explored the relationship between music and math.

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Milton Babbitt

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20th century French composer best known for developing a complex style of serial composition. Also a noted conductor.

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Pierre Boulez

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Scottish composer who is most famous for Mary, Queen of Scots.

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Thea Musgrave

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German electronic music composer whose music embraces "open" form, leaving many decisions to the performer. Also, his notational style of graphs and geometric figures requires performers to study that notational style in order to play it.

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Karlheinz Stockhausen

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Canadian composer occupied with exploration of the nature and potential of physical sounds.

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R. Murray Schafer

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Estonian-born composer whose works reflect his deep religious feelings.

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Arvo Part

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Famous American minimalist composer most famous for his score to the film Koyaanisqatsi.

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Philip Glass