Music History Ch.20

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europe in the mid to late 18th century

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Europe enjoyed a cosmopolitan age, due in part to intermarriages of noble families.
A universal musical style emerged that blended features from all nations. rising middle class

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Enlightenment

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free masonry, The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that applied reason to issues of emotions, social relations, and politics. philosophes

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music and social roles

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Public concerts and private teaching=income, music for amateurs musicians, Magazines devoted to music, The first universal histories of music were written: Charles Burney, A General History of Music, John Hawkins, A General History of the Science and Practice of Music

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musical taste and style

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Composers should avoid contrapuntal complexity.
Melodies should contain short phrases and have simple accompaniments.
The language of music should be international.
Music should appeal to all tastes and be natural/pleasing.

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Galant

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Galant was a term for everything modern and sophisticated.
Melodies built from repeated motives and short phrases were emphasized.
Phrases were combined into larger periods.
The harmony was simple with frequent cadences.
foundation for music of the mid- to late eighteenth century

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Empfindsam Style (sentimental)

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It was characterized by surprising turns of harmony, chromaticism, and speechlike melodies. CPE Bach and Italy

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classical

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sometimes refers to art music of all ages, and sometimes it specifies the music of the late 18th cent.
style associated with the mature music of Haydn and Mozart. applied to music as an analogy to Greek and Roman art. 1730 to 1815.

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baroque phrasing

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spun out of a single melodic-rhythmic subject and embodied a single affection.
Sequential repetition of phrases with infrequent cadences resulted in integrated movements without sharp contrasts.

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periodocity

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The new melodic style broke up the melodic flow with a succession of short distinct phrases of two to four measures in length. This melodic style is characterized by frequent cadences.
Principles of rhetoric and grammar were applied to music, as described by Koch

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period

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consisting of two or more phrases, formed a complete musical thought.

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harmony

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The Alberti bass set chords in repeating patterns to animate harmonies without distracting from melodies. A hierarchy of cadences developed; the strongest cadences mark the end of a period or of sections and movements.

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emotional contrast

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unlike Baroque, The music of the classic era began to incorporate contrasting moods rather than projecting a single affection.

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sinfonia

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name for overture before opera, no musical bearing on opera, fast slow fast (ABA), simple direct and upbeat, origin of classical symphony. composers: Galuppi and Sammartini. Concerto grosso is ancestor. minuet and trio inserted between B and A. 20-25 mins, rounded, tonal, melodic

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symphony and Germany

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Symphony carried emphasis from Italy to Germany. 10,000 written in Germany between 1750-1790. None published there though. circular, secular, instrumental