Music History Ch.19

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Germany and England

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Telemann, Handel, the Bach family, Haydn, and Mozart. mix Italian French and German. rulers and aristocrats hired musicians and played themselves. public concerts sustained musicians in britain.

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Telemann (1681-1767)

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300 works,synthesized German counterpoint with other styles, more highly regarded than Bach

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Bach (1685-1750)

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little music was published, thought to be old fashioned, wrote in all the major styles, forms, and genres of his time except for opera.

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Biography of Bach

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family of musicians, born in Eisnach, violin, organ from George Bohm (introduced to French styles, married 2x (anna magdalena)

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jobs as organits

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church and court organist, wrote organ music. Concert master at Weimar and wrote cantatas. Court music director at Cothen, solo and ensemble music. director of the Leipzig collegium musicum. restrained by Weimar and Leipzig (couldnt leave country). taught latin, choir and instruments

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bachs compositional style

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a. copied works of other composers, at keyboard. For instrumental music, the shaping of the initial theme was critical. For vocal, began with melody, matched accents and meaning of the words. Revised continuously, recycled.

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bach organ music

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buxtehude, vivaldi, improvisation, prelude and fugue,

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bach chorales

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200+, Little Organ Book, hymns, early 16th century German poetry for congregational singing. put cantata at end. variations first and then its sung plainly. German Lutheran clergy provided poems.

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bach harpsichord music

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suites (eng, french, partitas), well tempered clavier (2 sets of 24 preludes/fugues written in all major and minor keys), Goldberg Variations (The thirty variations preserve the bass and harmonic structure of the theme.
Every third variation is a canon.) A Musical Offering (3- and a 6-part ricercare for keyboard and 10 canons, based on a theme by Frederick the Great,plus a trio sonata) and Art of Fugue (18 canons and fugues based on the same subject)

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bach chamber music

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15 sonatas for solo instruments and harpsichord (6 violin sonatas,6 flute sonatas, 3 viola da gamba sonatas) 13 works for unaccompanied solo instruments (6 sonatas and partitas for violin, 6 suites for cello 1 partita for flute)

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Brandenberg Concertos

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except for the first, all in style of italian concerto, no soloist in 3rd or 6th, Harpsichord in 5th

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Bach cantatas

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neumister: new cantata, combined features of the chorale, solo song, and operatic recitative and aria. solo, 12 person choir, continuo, orchestra. Leipzig needed 58 a year, Bach composed 3 or 4 cycles

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Bach Passions

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St. John Passion and the St. Matthew Passion. recitatives, arias, choruses, chorales, and orchestral accompaniment. tenor narrates the biblical story in recitative.

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Mass in B Minor (1747-9)

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juxtaposes diverse sacred styles. too long for service, the work can be seen as an anthology of sacred music types.

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Handel

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popular, traveled a lot, came of age in England, Born in Halle, learned organ, harpsichord, and counterpoint in Germany. Ruspoli principle patron. Despite support from many patrons and monarchs, most of Handel's major compositions were for public. fame: published, opera, traveled. friendly with King George I, German composer of italian opera in England, first composer to have book written about him

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Handel's Almira

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Handel's first opera(1705), written in Hamburg at the age of nineteen, shows his assimilation of international influences.

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Handel's Rinaldo

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(1711) Handel's first Italian opera to be performed in London, was a major success with its brilliant music and elaborate stage effects

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Royal Academy of Music

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Handel was music director, composed Radamisto (1720)
Ottone (1723),Giulio Cesare (revived the most)(1724),Rodelinda (1725), Admeto (1727)

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recitative secco

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Long passages of dialogue and monologue were set in a speechlike fashion accompanied by the basso continuo

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recitative obbligato

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Tense situations used recitative accompanied by the orchestra, (accompanied recitative)

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arias

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prima donna=best/most arias, da capo, single mood, coloratura. later operas less successful than earlier ones.

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oratorio

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handel created genre based on biblical stories, combining lots of genres from other countries, important chorus (like Greek), no staging or costume, performed during Lent,not high paid singers, middle class audience. in 2 or 3 parts instead of acts, less brillian singing, in english

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Handel's messiah

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1741: begins w christmas story, reflective passages from new testament, libretto from bible, mixture of styles. no chorales or english hymn tunes

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Handel's instrumental music

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two collections of harpsichord suites, twenty solo sonatas, and many trio sonatas, 2orch suites: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks, concertos represent a mixture of styles, 1st organ concerto

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stretto

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subject and response overlap

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Leipzig

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part of Saxony, local authority was civic and dealt with appointing Bach cantor at St. Thomas. He wasnt first choice for job. 19th century: center of publishing

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Handel opera

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wrote for specific singers/houses, Hamburg was independent capital of Opera in Germany, where Handel studied. great sensitivity for human voice, rarely had a settled salary or position. sometimes ignores text. audience has libretto. operas over 3hrs