Music History 131 Ch 17

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Italy and Germany

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were each divided into numerous sovereign states. Not monarchies. Many rulers and competing cities.

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aria form with two sections. The first section is repeated after the second section's close, which carries the instruction da capo, creating ABA form (contrasting A and B sections)

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da capo aria

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in Italy

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opera and cantata were popular though sonatas and concertos are best remembered

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in Northern Italy

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many developments took place

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opera spread, but

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the center was Venice (public opera houses). stars and arias attracted the public.

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arias

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-librettists and composers both wrote for arias
-any repetition in the aria gave the singer a chance for ornamentation
-musical motives reflected meaning of the text

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Rome

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was the center of cantata composition

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cantatas

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-cantatas were written for performance, before a small discriminating audience in a room without a stage, scenery, or costumes
-short contrasting sections
-Scarlatti wrote more than 600 cantatas, with da capo aria being the most common

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a semidramatic piece for several singers and small orchestra, usually written for a special occasion (midway between cantata and opera)

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serenata

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church music in Italy

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continued to use stile antico and stile moderno. Existing instrumental genres continued. Oratorios were a substitute for opera during Lent when theatres were closed.

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age of great string music

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Italy was a leader in instrumental chamber music

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sonatas changed

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from consisting of a number of small sections to consisting of longer distinct movements

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Baroque sonata, usually a suite of stylized dances, scored for one or more treble instruments and continuo

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sonata da camera or chamber sonata

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Baroque instrumental work intended for performance in church; usually in four movements--slow-fast-slow-fast--and scored for one or more treble instruments and continuo

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sonata da chiesa or church sonata

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common instrumental genre during the Baroque period, a sonata for two treble instruments (usually violins) above a basso continuo. A performance featured four or more players if ore than one was used for the continuo part

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trio sonata

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solo sonatas

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gained popularity after 1700. so did sonatas for large groups

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Corelli

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-is famous for writing sonatas (trio, church, chamber, solo)
-wrote tonally. He was the first major composer whose reputation rests exclusively on instrumental music (which became classics)

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bass line in Baroque music that moves steadily and continuously

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walking bass

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toward the end of the 17th century

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musicians distinguished between music for chamber ensemble and music for orchestra

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ensemble of instruments or of voices with one or more instruments, or a work for such an ensemble

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concerto

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instrumental concertos

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were new in the 1680s and 90s and became prestigious

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orchestral genre in several movements, originating in the late 17th century, that emphasized the first violin part and the bass, avoiding the more contrapuntal texture of the sonata

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orchestral concerto

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instrumental work that exploits the contrast in sonority between a small ensemble of solo instruments (concertino), usually the same forces that appeared in the trio sonata, and a large ensemble

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concerto grosso

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all/full

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tutti/ripieno

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Torelli

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composed all three types of concertos. also used framing ritornellos

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Germany at the end of the 30 Years' War was

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impoverished

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rulers in Germany

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imitated Louis XIV's use of the arts

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"town pipers" Professional town musicians who had the exclusive right to provide music within city limits

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stadtpfeifer
-whole families were encouraged to make music their trade
-those employed by courts had highest social standing, then those employed by major cities

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an association of amateurs who gathered to play and sing together for their own pleasure

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collegium musicum

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German music

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drew on Italian, French, and native styles

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most well known music of this time

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instrumental music, especially North German organ music

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several of the most successful composers of Italian opera

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were German

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in 1678

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first public opera house in Germany opened in Hamburg

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Southern Germany

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-was largely Catholic
-emperors supported music financially and were composers
-new and old church styles. polychordal.

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Lutherans were divided.
Orthodox Lutherans:
chorales

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favored using all available resources of chordal an instrumental music in their services

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Lutherans were divided.
Pietists:
chorales

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emphasized privated devotions and preferred simple music and poetry that expressed the emotions of the individual believer

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organ music in the Lutheran areas of Germany

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had a golden age 1650-1750
-drew on elements of French and Dutch organs

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in a fugue, a set of entries of the subject

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exposition

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in the exposition of a fugue, the second entry of the subject, normally on the dominant if the subject was on the tonic and vice versa

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answer

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a passage of counterpoint between statements of the subject

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episodes

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relatively short setting for organ of a chorale melody, used as an introduction for congregational singing or as an interlude in a Luthern church service
-here to mean a short piece in which the entire melody is presented just once in readily recognizable form

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chorale prelude

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uniform reduction of note values in a melody or phrase

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diminution

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harpsichord style

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came to Germany (suite ended with a gigue)

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late 17th century German suite for orchestra patterned after the groups of dances in French ballets and opera

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orchestral suite