Music And The Mind - Test 2

Front 1

Unequal Scale Steps

Back 1

The steps in a scale do not have a uniform value. Like the Western major scale. This allows listeners to pick out "rare intervals" to tell where they are in the scale.

Front 2

Miller's 7+/- 2

Back 2

People remember things in groups of seven.

Front 3

Target

Back 3

The correct answer stimulus

Front 4

Lure

Back 4

The incorrect, yet similar answer stimulus

Front 5

Hits

Back 5

Correctly saying yes

Front 6

False Alarms

Back 6

Incorrectly saying yes

Front 7

Relative Pitch

Back 7

a musician's ability to identify the intervals between given tones

Front 8

Tonal Hierarchy

Back 8

Judgement of how well a given note completes a scale. Discovered by Krumhansl and Kessler.
Tonic, Dominant, Mediant, Other scale tones, Non-scale tones.

Front 9

Atonality

Back 9

Music that lacks a tonal center or key.

Front 10

Circle of Fifths

Back 10

A circular map of musical notes in which adjacent notes on the circle are separated by an interval of a fifth.

Front 11

Tone-Probe Technique

Back 11

Hear a tonal context then hear a probe tone/chord. Rate tone/chord according to some criterion.

Front 12

Priming Studies

Back 12

A study that tests the influence of previous harmonic context on future stimuli.

Front 13

Rare-Interval Hypothesis

Back 13

pitch intervals which occur less often are more valuable in finding the tonal center, as they provide unambiguous information to the identity of the scale.

Front 14

Distributional Theories of Tonality

Back 14

ND

Front 15

Krunhansl-Kessler Tone Profile

Back 15

ND

Front 16

Key-Finding

Back 16

ND

Front 17

Scale-Degree Qualia

Back 17

Subjective feelings that accompany each scale degree.

Front 18

Tendency Tone

Back 18

a tone that is harmonically or melodically unstable and tends naturally to resolve itself either upward or downward.

Front 19

Statistical Learning

Back 19

Learning
that
is
based
on
how
frequently
a
particular
event
occurs
or
how
tightly
two
or
more
events
are
correlated.

Front 20

First-Order Probability

Back 20

(transitional
probability):
given
the
note
just
heard,
what
comes
next?

Front 21

Zeroth-Order Probability

Back 21

each
note
has
probability
but
not
dependent
on
what
has
come
before.

Front 22

Prediction Effect

Back 22

we
derive
pleasure
from
fulfilled
expectation

Front 23

Closure Schema

Back 23

Pitches and harmonies associated with a closing cadence.

Front 24

Implied Harmony

Back 24

a melody constructed so that it strongly suggests a harmony that could accompany it.

Front 25

Cerebellum

Back 25

the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity.

Front 26

Cerebrum

Back 26

The Main Brain

Front 27

Corpus Callosum

Back 27

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

Front 28

Primary Auditory Cortex

Back 28

Located in the temporal lobe on the edge of the lateral fissure. Analyzes sound input.
Organized tonotopically.

Front 29

Hemispheric Lateralization

Back 29

Certain tasks are largely under the control of only one side of the brain.

Front 30

Plasticity

Back 30

the changing of neurons, the organization of their networks, and their function via new experiences.

Front 31

fMRI

Back 31

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracks BOLD (blood oxygen level dependency). Scans the brain for where there is more blood-flow activity while performing a certain action.
Good for spatial resolution, not as good for temporal.

Front 32

EEG

Back 32

Electroencephalogram

Records electrical signals in the brain. Averaged across time; removes noise.
Good for temporal resolution (time) but not as good for spatial.

Front 33

ERP

Back 33

Event Related Potential.
That data being recorded by an EEG: electrical activity that happens at certain times.

Front 34

PET

Back 34

Positron Emission Tomography

Radioactive substance injected into blood, blood flow determined by radiation levels.
Invasive.
Good spatial resolution

Front 35

Mismatched Negativity (MMN)

Back 35

EEG result of an unexpected stimulus.

Front 36

Synaesthesia

Back 36

Mixing of the senses.
Common types include:
Color-Grapheme: Letters or numbers have colors
Color-Sound: Pitch/intervals have associated colors

Front 37

Amusia

Back 37

Brain has issues with music
Acquired - due to brain damage
Congenital - due to lifelong condition

Front 38

Aphasia

Back 38

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

Front 39

Syntax

Back 39

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

Front 40

Broca's Area

Back 40

a region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe.
Damage in this area causes Broca's aphasia, or Non-Fluent Aphasia.

Front 41

Double Dissociation

Back 41

demonstration that two experimental manipulations each have different effects on two dependent variables.

Front 42

Prosogram

Back 42

A visual analysis of speech prosody

Front 43

Tonal vs. Sensory "closeness"

Back 43

ND

Front 44

Domain Specific

Back 44

a theoretical position in cognitive science that argues that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized, presumably evolutionarily specified, learning devices.

Front 45

Domain General

Back 45

all learning can be driven by the operation of a few general learning devices.

Front 46

Enculturation

Back 46

the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc.

Front 47

Innate

Back 47

inborn; natural

Front 48

Critical Period

Back 48

a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.

Front 49

Habituation-Dishabituation

Back 49

Habituate baby by presenting a stimulus many times until they get bored and stop looking. Start presenting new stimulus and record time it takes for baby to start looking again.

Front 50

Preferential Head Turn

Back 50

2 speakers, each with different stimulus. Baby's head turn controls length of sound. Measure time spent on different stimuli.

Front 51

Conditioned Head-Turn

Back 51

Infants
naturally
turn
to
novel
stimulus,
but
training
encourages
this
to
increase
reliability
of
response. Reinforce head-turn with pleasant visual stimulus.
If
infants
turn
head
toward
some
melodic
changes,
not
others,
can
infer
discrimination
of
those
that
elicit
response;
baby
anticipates
that
toy
will
be
activated,
based
on
sound

Front 52

Infant-Directed Speech

Back 52

Typically
exaggerated
tempo
and
contour,
higher
pitch

Front 53

Musical Predispositions

Back 53

An infant's tendency to prefer certain aspects of music, such as consonance over dissonance.

Front 54

Prosody

Back 54

Variations in pitch, amplitude, and tempo of speech which inflect further meaning.

Front 55

Contour

Back 55

Shape of melody