Music 303

Front 1

CUBA

Back 1

1492,Cristopher Columbus arrives in the New World, and colonization occurs. In thebeginning, he brought Spanish colonization, bringing African Slaves who alreadylived in Spain. The Taino were enslaved as well, but died off due to Spanish colonization.The Africans brought culture with them, and slavery in Cuba was abolished in 1886. Culture survived thecenturies of slavery, much of music entities and methods survived (RUMBA, SON & SALSA)

Front 2

RUMBA

Back 2

music/dancefrom Cuba

· Developed after abolition of Slavery · African Elements

o TraditionalCuban Percussion

o Claves – idiophone, central rhythm inCuban music, direct descendant of African bell pattern

o Cajones– drum (idiophone) - Originally from wooden boxes that were thrownaway- Rattley sound that originated from the soundmade from a box that will fall a part

· European influence

o Slavesturned free, so they lived in the slums/edges of the cities, where they worked “notas slaves” but doing the same work (paid), very crowded but comfortable.

Designsof the homes allowed for indoor parties – BIRTHPLACEOF RUMBA, Africa dialect singing

o Africanspirituality maintained, Santeria (religioushybrid of Catholic and African spirituality) for Yoruba and Banto peoples · Singing in sync, with two voices in harmony

o InSpanish!

MusicalStructure - 12-16 beat cycle changefrom Africa to Cuba, went from 7 stroke rhythm to 5

Front 3

SON & SALSA

Back 3

· Son – Folkmusic with European origins (Beginning of European lineage)

o Spanish folk song (Cancion) but (Son) in Cuba

o Gradually took more African percussion · Modern salsadeveloped by Cuba and Puerto Rican immigrants in NYC

· Mambo-> Cha-Cha

· Son continued

· Jazz musicians in 1930’s influenced by Cubanmusic and vice versa

· Heavily American-Cuban music, heavily developed in 1930’s and 40’s, very fastpaced

· Cha-Cha developedin 1950’s, for white folks who suck and are slow.

(listening: sounds like slow salsa!!)

Front 4

BRAZIL

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- Bahia located in Northeast Region of Brazil.Most culturally/artistically fertile. It is ethnically diverse, a balance ofAfrican, European and Indigenous descent. Bahia is most African. Pernambuco, astate that has produced numerous styles of music, it’s a very large tourist-ylocation. But also overall poor. (Which contributes to its artistic fertility)- North Region is mostly indigenous, natives,Amazonian.

- Central has lots of grassland, marsh land.

- South region characterized by Europeans. MostEuropean-descent of Brazil. Besides original Portuguese colonists, after that,a lot of Europeans (Italians, Germans, Spanish) immigrated to Brazil (beforeand AFTER 1900). Climate is cooler. The later wave of immigration includespeople from the middle east and japan as well.

- Southeast is most wealthy region of Brazil, alot of business, and most poverty. Densely populated because of the biggercities. (Samba, Capoeira)

Front 5

SAMBA

Back 5

· Music and dance from Brazil, national style,hugely important

· Carnaval – Pre-Lenten festival, many peoplegathered and parade with instruments, also performed in New Orleans (MardiGras) o Lent

· Bahia – origins of Samba, similar to WestAfrican. What emerged developed into Samba. This was performed exclusively bythose of African descent.

· Favelasof Rio De Janeiro – Samba transformed, became sub genre, faster. Thepoor origins of Samba in Rio (previously embraced by the whole country), it wasconsidered a music for Africans. It was disrespected by anti-blackfolks. But as time went on, it became more widely accepted.

· Sambaschool – neighbourhood organizations/groups of samba performers (SambaDreme)

· Lots ofsocial functions and contribute to the community, due important humanitarianwork

· Poorest Samba schools can compete, high levelsof passion and participation

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SAMBA - INSTRUMENTS

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1. Cavaquinho - Portuguese stringed instrument (chordophone)

2. Surdo - large bass drum for Samba (Membranophone)

3. Pandeiro - Frame drum (membranophone)

4. Chocalho - Shaker (idiophone)

5. Reco-Reco - metal scraper, membranophone?

6. agogo - Bell

7. cuica - brazilian frcition drum (membranophone) makes high pitched sound

Front 7

CAPOEIRA

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- Dance/martial art developed by runaway slaves inBrazil (1888 2-years post abolishing slavery)

- Slaves who escaped enslavement went toterrains/environments that were difficult. This created colonies in theseareas, and were a separate colony of slaves, developed their own culture (muchAfrican influence), and practiced a form of fighting/self-defence. This wasbrought from Africa, a form of self defense, since the authorities toleratedthese groups as long as they didn’t pose too much of a threat (weaponless)

- Not a “true” martial art, where participants arefighting, really they are dancing with each other. Two combatants will throw~leg swipes~ at each other, and if done properly, no one gets hit. Improviseddance than choreographed, there is a repertoire of fight moves that go into thedance. You must recognize the hit for you to react in time. - There are panderos

- Agogo bells????

- Berimbau – A big five foot long bow/arrow. Thebow is a cane pulled tight, single string chordophone. The right hand holds theinstrument, and the left holds the bow. There is usually an object on thestring to change the pitch.

- This is a zimmer?

- Whenever Capoeira, there is always music,inseparable part of the culture. -

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TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

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- Has diverse population, it has Europeans, thatcame through colonization, has French and English backgrounds

- Africans brought as slaves - Certain degree of Indigenous folks as well. Whenslavery was abolished, this left room for them to bring labourers fromdifferent countries. This included Chinese and Indians (Indentured labourers)and brought their culture with them. This includes Islam, Hindusism, Buddhism,and these different ethnicities, cultures, religious traditions havecontributed to the diverse population. (calypso + pan)

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CALYPSO

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- popular music from Trinidad characterized byimprovised lyrics on topical and broadly humorous subject matter, topics of theday, current events, it’s a social criticism, things that are wrong, poverty,inequality, racism, oppression, corruption, but in order to make this music aform of release, these topics are made in a ~humorous~ way, where the audiencecan identify with

- Carnival

o Calypso Tents

- Listening: Poverty, Money criticisms - Includes clarinet, banjo (chordophone)

- Soca(1960’s), in contrast is modern. American drumsets, guitars, the wholepoint of Soca is that it takes Calypso and makes it into disco-like, modern dancemusic. The original calypso, the emphasis is the lyrics (social criticism).With Soca, this shifted. It was an emphasis on rhythm, and instead ofdiscussion on social issues, this is about dance and partying. Soca comes fromthe word “soul” and “calypso” Soca = Soul of Calypso. [Rhythm, emphasized]

- Lord Shorty when he created this music (Soca),made it into something danceable, fun

o Highly sexualized, lyrics were sexualized

- This further developed in the 70’s into RAPSO (rap + soca).

- Jamaican Immigrants created hip-hop/rap. Withrapso, we have the same rhythm with calypso. The lyrcics talk about somethingimportant. Poverty, oppression, etc.

Front 10

PAN

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- Folk genre of Trinidad & Tobago

- Steel Drums (membranophone)

- multiple steel drums sets, conga drums, automobile brake drums, maracas (rattles), claves, cowbells.

Pan originally made from thousands of oil drums left behind Trinidad by the British (and then Americans.

- Traditional instrument of Trinidad

- originally associated with Gang violence, authorities minimized it by allowing competitions after Carnival, known as Panorama

- Engine room (multiple steel drums + rhythm section of the composed of multiple percussion sets)

- [basically sounds like Dora the Explorer]