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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Instrument Improvements
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saxophone and tuba invented; valves added to brass instruments; flute became metal instrument
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Romanticism
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cultural movement of 19th century that valued subjectivity, feeling, and inspiration; focus on individuality, obsession with size, and fascination with exotic
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Virtuosity
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performance skills far beyond the norm
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Ludwig van Beethoven
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German; acknowledged as Europe's foremost pianist and composer during his lifetime; elevated status of piano sonata and symphony
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characteristics of Beethoven's symphony
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increased size of orchestra by increasing #s in sections and adding trombones, piccolo, and contrabassoon; 1st symphony to have movements with common theme
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Scherzo and Trio
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more modern version of Minuet and Trio; 3 major sections = scherzo(minuet), trio (in different key), repitition of scherzo (minuet)
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cyclic
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motive or theme in more than 1 movement
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motive
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fragment of theme
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variation form
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begins with theme, with the rest of the work being a number of variations based on melody, harmony, and/or other musical elements of theme
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attaca
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"attached"; there will be no pause between movements
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Lied
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song for voice and piano in which both melody and accompaniment amplify dominant themes and images in text
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Art song
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song that set poetry to music of comparable quality
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Franz Schubert
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important early Romantic composer; composed over 950 works including more than 660 Lieder; most important for Art Songs (Lieder) and symphonies
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Erlkonig
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for baritone voice and piano; 1 singer depicts 4 people by using minor and major keys
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Through-composed form
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no large-scale formal repitition
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Operetta
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light (not too serious) opera-like form of stage entertainment
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Gilbert and Sullivan
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produced 11 operettas together including HMS Pinafore, Mikado, and Pirates of Penzance;
used lighthearted stories to cover stinging satires of British customs, institutions, and the upper class |
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Patter song
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type of song in which words pour out in stream much faster than in conventional song or everyday speech
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"I am the very Model of A Modern Major-General"
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parodying members of upper class who bought their military commissions and served as officers without any qualifications
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Opera Comique
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featured spoken dialogue with musical numbers
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exoticism
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European colonization brought about interest in other cultures; exotic settings and references began to appear in opera in late 19th century
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Carmen
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Spain; 1 of 1st examples of exoticism
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Habanera
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Afro-Cuban dance genre
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Giuseppe Verdi
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by 1850s, had become famous and frequently performed Italian opera composer; injected reality into opera
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Realism
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used more realistic plots with relatable characters in believable situations so audience was more able to empathize; modified standard operatic forms to fit drama of scenes
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characteristics of Verdi's realism
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used orchestra to enhance and extend message of words and melody; created more masculine-sounding male vocal roles making characters more believable
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La Traviata
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modified (2 person) da capo aria; accompanied recitative; through-composed aria/duet
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Richard Wagner
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German composer of operas and music dramas; most influential musician of late 19th century; created cycle of 4 music dramas: Der Ring des Nibelungen
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Gesamtkunstwerke
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total work of art; work that synthesizes all arts; associated with Richard Wagner
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music drama
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Wagner's later works that distinguishes them from conventional opera
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characteristics of Wagner's music dramas
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eliminated traditional opera forms, preferring "endless melody"; orchestra plays more important role than in other types of opera
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Der Ring des Nibelungen
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The Gold of the Rhine, the Valkyries, Siegfried, the Twilight of the Gods; by Richard Wagner
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Leitmotif
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leading motive; motive or theme assigned to character, object, emotion, or event in Wagnerian music drama; occur in both vocal and orchestral parts
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Clara Schumann
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piano virtuosa; composer; preferred classics, her pieces, and her husband's works
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Etude
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French for "study"; was teaching piece designed to develop technical facility with each focusing on particular skill and not for public performance
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Frederic Chopin
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Poet of the Piano; all his music involves piano and helped create role for piano as solo instrument; his music is part of foundation of piano literature
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Hector Berlioz
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highly original French composer, writer, and critic; 1st widely-known orchestra conductor; considered to be Father of Modern Orchestration
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orchestration
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technique and artistry of assigning musical parts for instruments in various combinations
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program music
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instrumental music in which composer depicts extramusical inspiration (scene, story, or idea), or experience or feeling that the inspiration arouses
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symphonie fantastique
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5 movement program symphony; inspired by Berlioz's obsession with Irish actress Harriet Smithson and her rejection of him
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Idee fixe
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"fixed idea"; melodic representation of object of artist's obsession
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thematic transformation
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theme is subjected to changes in its musical elements, so music depicts emotional or story evolution
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program symphony
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symphony whose movements depict series of scenes relating to work's overall program/theme
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tone poem
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programmatic, 1 movement, Romantic orchestral genre created by Liszt in late 1840s
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absolute music
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music whose aesthetic value is self-contained and doesn't require any extramusical reference such as lyrics, drama, dance, or program
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Antonin Dvorak
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Czech (Bohemian) nationalist composer; helped to guide American composers in creating nationalistic music
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Nationalism
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19th century movement that sought to portray a uniquely national identity by drawing on legends, myths, history, and literature of the people
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