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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phrase
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-a musical sentence
-a single melodic idea |
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conjunct motion
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smooth, step-wise motion
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disjunct motion
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leaps, especially large leaps
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register
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-range of pitches in a melody; vocal or instrumental
-Ordo Virtutem, Hildegard -String Quartet in C major, Haydn |
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meter
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-the underlying pattern of beats that maintains itself consistently throughout a work
-triple: accented beat followed by two unaccented beats -duple: accented beat followed by unaccented beat |
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iambic
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-short LONG, short LONG
-duple meter: first section of "Since Robin Hood" |
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trochaic
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-LONG short, LONG short
-triple meter: second section of "Since Robin Hood" |
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syncopated
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-notes run against the regular pulse of the musical meter
-accents on beats other than 1 and 3 -"Since Robin Hood": to skip |
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measure
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a rhythmic unit
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major mode
minor mode |
-melodies sound brighter and happier
-melodies sound darker and more somber |
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unison
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-both (all) voices sing exactly the same note
-usually at end of cadence: "Ecco La Primavera" |
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tonic
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central tonality/key area; "home" key
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modulate
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-change of key
-Vivaldi: begins and ends in tonic, but modulates throughout |
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monophonic
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-single melodic voice/line, with no accompaniment
-Hildegard's "Ordo Virtutum" |
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homophonic
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-melodic line with a subordinate accompaniment
-an opera with a soloist singer and accompanying yet subordinate music below them -Monteverdi's "L'Orfeo" |
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polyphonic
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-melody performed against another line of equal importance
-Landini's "Ecco La Primavera" |
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timbre
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-the character of a sound
-determined by the kind of instruments or voices performing it -Bach's "Fugue in G minor" |
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dynamics
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-determine the volume of a given work or passage in a work of music
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sectional
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-each new section of the text receives a new musical idea
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da capo (aria)
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-to go back to the beginning of the aria and repeats it through the end of the A section
-ABA -Bach's "Wachet Auf" Cantata 140 |
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theme and variations
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-theme is first presented by one of the violins, then repeated in slightly varied form by each of the other instruments across the movement
-Haydn's "String Quartet in C Major, 2nd mvt." |
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minuet form
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-ABA
-minuet proper followed by contrasting trio, then repeat of opening of minuet proper -Haydn's "Symphony 102, mvt. 3" |
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ternary form
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-form of the minuet (ABA)
-minuet proper, trio, minuet proper -Haydn's "symphony no.102, mvt. 3" |
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binary form
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-just two reprises w/o returning to A or the opening idea
-form in the trio of Haydn's "symphony no.102, mvt. 3" |
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rounded binary form
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-two reprises (two sections to be repeated)
-halfway through second reprise, opening idea returns in tonic key, "rounding out" the form -A section of the ternary form |
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rondo form
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-the repeated return of the opening theme, with contrasting material heard between each return
-A B A C A -"round dance" -main theme of rondo typically brief and almost instantly recognizable -jaunty and bright; provide satisfying conclusion to larger whole |
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sonata form
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-expanded version of rounded binary form: two reprises and a simultaneous return to the opening idea and key halfway through second reprise
-first reprise always modulates to a new key and ends in that new key -theme presented in new key in first reprise and repeated in second reprise in the tonic |
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exposition
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-the first reprise, which exposes all the movement's ideas
-first part of sonata form |
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development
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-second part of sonata form
-first half of second reprise; harmonically unstable and unpredictable -ideas intensively developed |
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recapitulation
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-second half of second reprise
-repeats all ideas of first reprise in original key of the tonic -DOES NOT MODULATE! |
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plainchant
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-music in the church of the middle ages that was monophonic: single line without accompaniment
-projected the text with clarity and beauty: main focus of attention for worshippers -hildegard's "ordo virtutum" |
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madrigal
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-setting of a text in a single stanza (strophe)
-thomas weelkes' "since robin hood" |
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opera
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-drama that is sung rather than spoken
-early baroque opera was attempt to recreate sung dramas of greek antiquity -music enhances text and inject heightened emotion into story -Monteverdi's "L'Orfeo" |
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overture
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-announced that the "true" opera was starting: the singing
-for instruments alone |
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french overture
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-common in French operas
-slow introduction followed by an imitative fast section -dotted rhythms in slow section -purcell's "dido and aeneas" |
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concerto
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-dialogue between soloist (or several) and an orchestra
-usually 3 movements: fast, slow, fast -vivaldi's "the four seasons: winter (mvt. 1)" |
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sacred cantata
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-written to be sung as part of lutheran service of worship
-can be single mvt. or extended cycle of mvts. -Bach's "Wachet Auf, cantata 140" |
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chorale
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-an established hymn tune melody
-bach's "wachet auf, cantata 140" |
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string quartet
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-ensemble of 4 similar instruments (2 violins, viola, and cello)
-differ in range from high, middle, and low -converse with each other -also a genre -haydn's "string quartet in C major, 2nd mvt." |
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symphony
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-public genre to be performed in a large space by a large ensemble before a large audience
-no one instrument stands out |
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syllabic
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-one note per syllable
-hildegard's "ordo virtutum" -landini's "ecco la primavera" |
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melismatic
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-multiple notes over a single syllable
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cadence
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-brief stopping point at which the music pauses
-landini's "ecco la primavera" |
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elided cadence
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-a new line of text and music begins before the previous one has come to a complete stop
-william byrd's "sing joyfully" |
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word painting
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-specific words are presented graphically
-thomas weelkes' "since robin hood" -des prez's "el grillo" |
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imitation
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-one voice presents a musical idea and another repeats it, but entering later than the first
-byrd's "sing joyfully" |
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recitative
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-text not sung w/established melody or rhythm; food for dialogue but not musically-satisfying like arias
-thin, light texture underneath -mostly syllabic -speech like -monteverdi's "L'Orfeo" |
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aria
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-more lyrical
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ground bass
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-basso continuo
-plays throughout, presenting the bass line and its associated harmonies -monteverdi's "L'Orfeo" |
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ritornello
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-brief return to full orchestra
-alternation of orchestra (tutti) and soloist -form of vivaldi and Brandenburg |
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program music
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-an instrumental work that is in some way associated with a story, event, or idea
-Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons: Winter (first mvt.)" |
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obbligato
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-necessary
-"3rd solo voice" -oboe part in Bach's "Wachet Auf" |
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fugue
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-polyphonic work where at least one subject presented consistently across entire work or mvt.
-typically with diff. voices taking up same theme -Bach's "Fugue in G minor" |
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subject
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-main theme in a fugue
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fugual exposition
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-opening entry of all the voices on the main subject
-exposes the main idea of the work |
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middle entries
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-main theme reappears at many points within later course of mvt.
-main theme in other voices |
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episodes
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-passages in which the main subject is absent
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concertino
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-group of soloists
-bach's "brandenburg concerto no. 2, mvt. finale" |
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tutti
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-the whole orchestra
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contrafactum
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-another way of changing what exists (melody)
-haydn's "string quartet in c major, 2nd mvt." |
