Music 110 Final Exam

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Aria

Back 1

Song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, usually expressing an emotional state through its outpouring of melody; found in operas , oratorios, and cantatas

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Art song/ lied, lieder

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Setting of a poem for solo voice and piano, translating the poem's mood and imagery into music, common in the romantic period.

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Atonality

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Absence of tonality, or key, characteristic of much music of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

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Basso continuo

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Baroque accompaniment made up of a bass part, usually played by two instruments: a keyboard plus a low melodic instrument.

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Cadenza

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Unaccompanied section of virtuoso display for the soloist in a concerto , usually appear near the end of the first movement and sometimes in the last movement.

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Chance or aleatoric music

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Music composed by the random selection of pitches, tone colors, and rhythms; developed in the 1950s by John Cage and others.

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Character piece

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Relatively brief musical composition, usually for piano, expressive of a specific mood or nonmusical idea. Closely associate with the Romantic movement.

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Chorale

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Hymn tune sung to a German religious text.

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Concerto

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Extended composition for instrumental soloist and orchestra, usually in the three movements: (1) fast, (2) slow, (3) fast.

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Concerto grosso

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Composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra; common in late baroque music

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Cyclic form

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any compositional form characterized by the repetition, in a later movement or part of the piece, of motives, themes, or whole sections from an earlier movement in order to unify structure.

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Ethnomusicology

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The study of music in its cultural context. the study of folk and primitive music and of their relationship to the peoples and cultures to which they belong.

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Etude

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In French, study; a piece designed to help a performer master specific technical difficulties.

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Expressionism

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Musical style stressing intense, subjective emotion and harsh dissonance, typical of German and Austrian music of the early twentieth century.

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Impressionism

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Musical style which stresses tone color, atmosphere, and fluidity, typical of Debussy (flourished 1890-1920) twentieth century.

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Leitmotif

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Short musical idea associated with a person, object or thought, characteristic of the operas of Wagner in the Romantic era.

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Libretto

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Text of an opera

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Mass

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Sacred choral composition made up of five sections: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.

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Modernists

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Period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20th century.

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Music drama

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An opera having largely continuous musical and dramatic activity without arias, recitatives, or ensembles. Richard Wagner in the Romantic Period.

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Nationalism

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Inclusion of folks songs, dances, legends, and other national material in a composition to associate it with the composer's homeland; characteristic of romantic music.

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Neoclassicism

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Musical style marked by emotional restraint, balance, and clarity, inspired by the forms and stylistic features of eighteenth-century music, found in many works from 1920 to 1950 (twentieth century).

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Opera

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Drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment, usually a large-scale composition employing vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra, costumes, and scenery.

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Oratorio

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Large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative text, but without acting, scenery, or costumes; often based on biblical stories.

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Program music

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Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene, often found in the Romantic period.

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Program symphony

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Symphony (a composition for orchestra in several movements) related to a story, idea, or scene, in which each movement usually has a descriptive title; often found in Romantic music.

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Recitative

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Vocal line in an opera, oratorio, or cantata that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech, often serving to lead into an aria.

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Cantata

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Composition in several movements, usually written for chorus, one or more vocal soloists, and instrumental ensemble. The church cantata for the Lutheran service in Germany during the baroque period often includes chorales.

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Ritornello form

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Compositional form usually employed in the baroque concerto grosso, in which the tutti plays a ritornello, or refrain, with one or more soloists playing new material.

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Ritornello

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In Italian, refrain; a repeated section of music usually played by the full orchestra, or tutti, in baroque compositions.

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Serialism

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Method of composing that uses an ordered group of musical elements to organize rhythm, dynamics, and tone color, as well as pitch; developed in the mid-twentieth century.

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Sonata

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In baroque music, and instrumental composition in several movements for one to eight players. In music after the baroque period, an instrumental composition usually in several movements for one or two players.

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Sonata form

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Form of a single movement, consisting of three main sections: the exposition, where the themes are presented; the development, where themes are treated in new ways; and the recapitulation, where the themes return. A concluding section, the coda, often follows the recapitulation.

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Strophic form

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Vocal form in which the same music is repeated for each stanza of a poem.

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Thematic transformation

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Alteration of the character of a theme by means of changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm, when it returns in a later movement or section; often found in romantic music.

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Through-composed form

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Vocal form in which there is new music for each stanza of a poem.

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Tone poem (or symphonic poem)

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Programmatic composition for orchestra in one movement, which may have a traditional form (such a sonata or rondo) or and original, irregular form.

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Rondo

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Compositional form featuring a main them (A) that returns several times in alteration with other themes, such as A B A C A and A B A C A B A. Rondo is often the form of the last movement in classical symphonies, string quartets and sonatas.

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String quartet

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Composition for two violins, a viola, and a cello; usually consisting of four movements. (Also, the four instrumentalists.)

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Tone row (set, series)

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Particular ordering of the twelve chromatic tones, from which all pitches in a twelve-tone composition are derived.

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Virtuoso

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An individual who possesses outstanding technical ability in a particular art or field. This word is often used to refer to an individual with superior technique or execution in fine arts, or music.

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Word painting

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Musical representation of specific poetic images- for example, a falling melodic line to accompany the word descending - often found in Renaissance and baroque music.

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The Eras of Western Music

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1- Middle Ages (450-1450)

2- Renaissance (1450-1600)

3- Baroque (1600-1750)

4- Classical (1750-1820)

5- Romantic (1820-1900)

6- Twentieth Century (1900-1945)

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Humanism

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Dominant intellectual movement during Renaissance, focused on human life and its accomplishments.

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Age of absolutism

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Another name for the Baroque period because many rulers exercised absolute power over their subjects.

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Baroque composers

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Monteverdi, Purcell, Vivaldi, Bach, Handel.

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Classical composers

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Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Shubert.

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Romantic composers

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Shubert, Mendelssohn, Schuman, Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, Wagner.

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Movements in the Romantic Era

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Five moments:

Nationalism

Nature

Supernatural

Subjective

Virtuoso

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Age of Enlightenment

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Middle of eighteenth century was a philosophical movement The principal goals were liberty, progress, reason, tolerance, fraternity and ending the abuses of the church and state. Associated with the Classical era.

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Rubato

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Slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo to intensify the expression of the music, often used in romantic music.

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Monody

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Homophonic with little beats. use in baroque opera

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Figured bass

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Bass part of a baroque accompaniment with figures (numbers) above it indicating the chords to be played.

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Ground bass (basso ostinato)

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Variation form in which a musical idea in the bass is repeated over and over while the melodies above it continually change; common in baroque music.

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Fugue

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Polyphonic composition based on one main theme, or subject.

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Tu se' morta from Orfeo

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Baroque - Opera

Act II - Recitative from Orfeo (1607)

language Italian

by Monteverdi

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Dido's lament from Dido and Aeneus

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Baroque - opera

Act III from the Masterpiece Dido and Aeneus(1689)

English language

by Purcell

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Spring from the Four Seasons

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Baroque - Concerto

concerto for violin (1725)

Ritornello form, quadruple meter

Solo violin, string orchestra, harpsichord (basso continuo)

by Vivaldi

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Ev'ry valley shall be exalted

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Baroque - Aria

from the Oratorio Messiah (1741)

English language

opens and closes with a string ritornello. This aria is striking in its vivid word painting.

by Handel

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Wachet auf, ruft uns die stimme

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Baroque - cantata

Cantata No 140 (1731)

based on a chorale, melody has the form A A B

German language.

by Bach

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Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (Third movement)

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Classical - Serenade

A little night music (1787)

A B A form, 1st violins, 2d violin, violas, cellos double basses.

by Mozart

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Symphony No. 5 (First movement)

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Classical - Symphony

first movement Op.67 - allegro con brio (1808)

sonata form, duple meter

2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 French horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, 1st violins, 2d violin, viola, cellos, double basses.

by Beethoven

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Etude in C minor, Op. 10, No 12

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Romantic - Etude

"Revolutionary" (1831)

Allegro con fuoco

Piano

by Chopin

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Reconnaissance (from carnaval)

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Romantic - Lyrical piece

from Carnaval Op.9 (1834-1835)

A B A form

Piano

by Schumann

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Erlkonig (Erlking)

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Romantic - musical narrative

Musical setting of a narrative ballad of the supernatural (1815) based on a Goethe poem.

German language.

by Shubert

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Symphonie fantastique (Fifth movement)

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Romantic - Program symphony

fifth movement Dream of a witches' Sabbath Larghetto; Allegro (1830)

by Berlioz

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The moldau

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Romantic - symphonic poem (1874)

represents nature and nationalism

by Smetana

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Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun

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Twentieth-Century - Prelude (1894)

free illustration of a poem

by Debussy

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A survivor from Warsaw

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Twentieth-Century - Dramatic Cantata

for narrator, male chorus, and orchestra, deals with a single episode in the murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazis during World War II.

by Schoenberg

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Le Sacre du Printemps (the Rite of Spring)

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Twentieth-Century - Ballet

by Stravinsky

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Poeme electronique

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Twentieth-Century

Earliest masterpieces of electronic music (1958)

by Varese

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Appalachian Spring (Section 7)

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Twentieth- Century - Ballet or Concert Piece (1943-1944)

Them and variations on simple Gifts

Is a theme with five variation

by Copland