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200 Cards in this Set
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ABNORMAL specimen |
not property developed. Used to describe a difference which is very pronounced but not inherited,such as the develop ment of gills on top of a cap in a gilled mushroom.
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ABRUPT
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terminating suddenly or sharply differentiated. Used to describethe base of a stalk or apex of a bulb.
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ACRID
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(taste of a raw mushroom) causing a biting or prickling sensation on the tip of the tongue.
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ACUTE
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pointed;(of gills) sharp-edged.
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ADNATE
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(of gills) bluntly attached to the stalk; (of the pellicle on the cap)not separable.
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AGARIC
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a fruiting body of a gilled mushroom (used as a short term for a member of the Agaricales).
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ALVEOLATE (surface)
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with shallow broad pits.
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AMYLOID (spores or tissues)
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bluish to violet when treated with iodine.
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ANASTOMOSING (gills, ridges, wrinkles)
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connecting crosswise toform angular areas or pits bounded by connecting lines.
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ANNULUS
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the ring of tissue left on the stalk from the breaking of the partial veil.
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APEX (pl. apices)
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the tip of the part described.
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APICAL PORE
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see germ pore.
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APOTHECIUM
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the generally cuplike or saucerlike fruiting body of Discomycetes.
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APPENDICULATE (cap margin)
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with pieces of the veil hanging along the margin.
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APPRESSED (fibrils or hairs on cap or stalk)
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lying flat against thesurface.
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AREOLATE
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cracked into more or less hexagonal areas, much like a driedout mud flat.
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ASCOSPORE
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a spore produced in an ascus.
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ASCUS (pl. asci)
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a cell in which spores are formed following fusion of two nucleiand division of the resulting fusion nucleus.
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AVELLANEOUS (color)
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pale gray tinged with pink.
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AZONATE (surface of cap)
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lacking concentric bands of a different appearance than the remainder of the cap.
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BASIDIOCARP
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a fruiting body which bears its spores on basidia.
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BASIDIUM (pl. basidia)
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a structure on which spores are formed following fusion and division of the nucleus;usually asingle cell in most mushrooms.
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BEADED (gills)
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the condition in which the gill edges have droplets of a clear liquid on them.
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BROAD (gills)
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a relative term used to describe the depth of the gills.It is contrasted with moderately broad and narrow .
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BUFF (color)
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pale yellow toned with gray,i.e., a dingy pale yellow.
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BULBOUS (stalk)
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having an ovalto abrupt enlargement (bulb) at thebase.
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CAMPANULATE (cap)
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bell-shaped.
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CANESCENT
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havinga bloom or appearingas if coatedwithalighthoarfrost.
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CAP
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the umbrellalike expansion on the apex of the stalk in a mushroom. It bears the gills, teeth, or pores on the underside. Pileus is the technical term for it.
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CAPILLITIUM
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the threadlike elements mixed in with the spores in a ripe puffball
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CAPITATE
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provided with a cap or head.
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CARPOPHOROIDS
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fleshy masses of fungous tissue of irregular size and shape and lacking a true hymenium.
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CAULOCYSTIDIA
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sterile cells occurring on the surface of the stalk.
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CAUSTIC POTASH
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see KOH.
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CELLS (fungi)
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the living protoplasmic units into which the hyphae are divided.
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CELLULAR
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made up of cells.
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CESPITOSE (or caespitose)
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growing in clusters with the bases attached to each other.
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CLAVATE
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club-shaped;as applied to the stalk it means thickened evenly to the base.
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CLAVATE-BULBOUS (of a stalk)
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with a more abrupt thickening at the base than is indicated by just clavate.
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CLOSE (of gills)
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a relative term to indicate the spacing of gills-6ee crowded.
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COLLAR
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a close-fitting roll of universal veil tissue around the apex of the bulb in an Amanita.
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COLUMELLA
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a column or vein of sterile tissue extending into or through the spore-bearing tissue; mostly in the Secotiaceae where the upper part of the stalk is termed the columella or the whole a "stipe-columella."
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CONFLUENT (of stalk and cap)
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continuous with each other; merging with no perceptible differentiation.
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CONTEXT
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the flesh of the cap and stalk (regardless of whether the consistency is soft, tough, or woody).
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CONVEX (of a cap)
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rounded like an inverted bowl.
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CONVOLUTED
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wrinkled into large folds.
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CORTINA
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a cobwebby partialveilmade up of loosely arranged silky fibrils.
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CROWDED (of gills)
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spaced very close together. Crowded , close, subdis- tant, and distant are the four relative terms used to describe gill spacing.
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CUTICLE (of a cap)
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the differentiated surface zone. Not all species have such a layer.
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CUTIS
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a type of cuticle on a cap or stalk composed of dry interwoven hyphae.
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CYSTIDIUM (pl. cystidia)
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a sterile cell with some special feature such as size, thickened wall, content, or shape. Cystidia are common in the hy menium of many species but may appear on other parts of Basidiomycete mushrooms as well.
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DECURRENT (of gills)
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extending downward on the stalk.
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DEPRESSED (of a cap)
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having the central part sunken slightly below the margin.
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DEXTRINOID
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taking on a reddish brown to vinaceous red color in Melzer's solution or other iodine-containing solutions.
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DISC (of a cap)
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the central part of the surface of the cap extending roughly halfway to the cap margin.
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DISCOMYCETE
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those Ascomycetes with fleshy fruitingbodies that are gen erally cup-shaped or saucer-shaped.
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DISTANT (of gills)
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spaced far apart. See a/so crowded.
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ECCENTRIC
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to one side of center, off center.
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EGG (of a fungous fruiting body)
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the somewhat egg-shaped button stage enclosed by a universal veil,as in a stinkhorn or Amanita.
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ELEVATED (of a cap margin)
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raised slightly so it is above the disc of the cap.
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ELLIPSOID
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a three dimensional object with an elliptic outline.
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ELLIPTIC
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shaped like a compressed circle with curving sides. Contrasts with oblong, where the sides are parallel.
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ENTIRE (of gill edges)
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even,the edge not cutinto smallprojectionsor teeth.
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EVEN (of cap surface)
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with no depressions or elevations.
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FAIRY RING
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a naturally occurring circle of fruiting bodies of any mushroom.
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FALSE VEIL
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a tissue that grows out from the margin of the cap but does not become intergrown with the stalk,though the remains of the veilmay form a ring around the stalk.Found principally in the Boletaceae.
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FARINACEOUS (of odor or taste)
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like that of fresh meal.
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FeS04
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the chemical abbreviation for an iron salt. The usual concentration used for spot tests is about-ten percent ferrous sulphate in water. A posi tive reaction on the tissue of the fruiting body is green to olive, olive gray, or, in some fungi, pinkish. A strong reaction is olive black.In age the solu tion will become rusty orange and have a precipitate, but is still useful.
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FETID (of odor)
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disagreeable, repulsive,resembling rotting meat. FIBRILLOSE
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FIBROUS (of stalk)
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composed of tough stringy tissue.
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FILIFORM
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threadlike.
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FLESH (of a mushroom)
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the tissue of the fruiting body; also called context.
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FLESH COLOR
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the color of caucasian skin.
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FLESHY
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soft in consistency and decaying readily; contrasts with woody and membranaceous.
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FLOCCOSE-SCALY (of a cap)
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provided with tufts of a woolly nature, usually remains of the universal veil.
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FLORA
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the species of plants occurring naturally in a region. The flora of a region includes all the plants. However, we often speak of the agaric flora, the moss flora, the fern flora, etc. Students of the seed plants often misuse the term by saying the flora of such and such a place when they mean only the vascular-plant flora.
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FREE (of gills)
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not attached to the stalk at any time during their development.
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FRUITING BODY
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the part of the fungous plant which produces and liberates the spores. We use the term mushroom to mean the same thing in this book.
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FURFURACEOUS
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roughened with branlike particles.
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FUSCOUS (a color)
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the color of a storm cloud varying to a dark smoky brown, with variable amounts of violet present.
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GELATINOUS
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jellylike in consistency.
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GENUS (pl. genera)
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the first major grouping above the rank of species in plant classification, e.g., Cortinarius , He/vella . Genera are composed of species having certain characteristics in common, or they may consist of single unique species.
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GERMINATE (of a spore)
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to begin vegetative growth by sending out a hypha.
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GERM PORE
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in some species of fungi (particularly those with thick-walled spores), a specialized area through which germination occurs; often seen as a lighter area at or near the apex of the spore.
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GILLED FUNGI
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mushrooms with gills.
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GILLS
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the knifeblade-like, radially arranged plates of tissue on the underside of gilled mushroom caps. The technical term for these is lamellae (sing. lamella).
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GLABROUS
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bald, without hair. The term smooth is not necessarily an equivalent.
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GLANDULAR DOTS (on stalks of some boletes)
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slightly sticky spots of a darker color (usually) than the rest of the stalk.
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GLEBA (of puffballs)
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the mass of spores plus some filaments of sterile tis sue (capillitium) which make up the main volume of most puffballs. In fungi related to puffballs, the mass of spore-bearing tissue which is usually enclosed during part or all of its development.
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GLOBOSE
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globular, spherical.
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GLUTINOUS
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covered with a slimy or sticky layer.
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GRANULOSE
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covered with granules, either free or attached.
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GREGARIOUS
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growing in groups but with the specimens separate at the base; a relative term describing a condition between scattered and ces pitose .
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HABIT
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manner of growth, i.e., solitary, scattered, gregarious, or cespitose. HABITAT
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HYALINE
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transparent or translucent.
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HYGROPHANOUS (of a cap)
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changing color markedly on fading.
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HYMENIFORM
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with the cells arranged in a palisade, as in a hymenium.
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HYMENIUM
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the spore-bearing layer of tissue on the surface of gills, teeth, tubes,·etc., the spore-bearing cells being arranged Ln a palisade.
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HYMENOPHORE
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the part of the fruiting body that bears the hymenium.
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HYPHAE (sing. hypha)
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the collection of individual threads of the vegetative part of the fungous plant and the fruiting bodies.
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IMBRICATE (of scales)
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overlapping one another like shingles on a roof. INAMYLOID
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INEQUILATERAL (of spores)
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a subfusiform spore in which the two halves, as seen in profile view, are not of the same configuration.
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INFERIOR
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below another part.
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INNATE (of fibrils or scales)
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attached, not readily removable.
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INOPERCULATE (of Ascomycetes)
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the situation in which the asci lack a lid or operculum;they may open by a pore to release the spores.
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INTERVENOSE (of gills)
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with conspicuous veins between the gills.
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IRON SALTS
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see FeS04.
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IXO-
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prefix meaning slimy.
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KOH
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Potassium hydroxide. We use a 2.5 percent to 3 percent aqueous solution. It can be applied directly to the fruiting body to ascertain color changes, or used as a mounting medium to revive dried material. It is also used to ascertain color changes of spores, hypha! walls, and pigment deposits.
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LACUNOSE
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with broad pits or holes.
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LAMELLAE
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technical term for the gills of a mushroom.
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LARVAE
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immature wormlike stages of insects such as flies;often found in mushrooms. They make small tunnels or holas in the flesh. LATERAL
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LATEX
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a juice, often milky but sometimes colored, which is extruded when the fruiting body is injured (at least when young and fresh).
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LIGNICOLOUS
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wood-loving, growing on wood.
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LUBRICOUS
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having a buttery feel.
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MARGIN
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the edge, i.e., the outermost part of the cap near the edge and including it;the free edge of a cap, or the free edge of a gill.
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MELZER'S SOLUTION (reagent)
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an iodine solution used to test spores and tissue. Composed of 1.5 gms potassium iodide (KI), 0.5 gm iodine, 22 gms chloral hydrate, and 20 gms water.
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MILD (of taste)
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lacking a distinct taste, bland.
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MUSHROOM
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the somewhat umbrellalike fruiting body of fleshy fungi, or, as used here, any fleshy fungus fruiting body. The term (in North America) applies to both edible and poisonous species. Poisonous species else where are sometimes called toadstools.
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MYCELIOID
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moldy in texture, as if covered with mycelium.
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MYCELIUM
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the collective term for all the threads making up the vegetative part of an individualfungous plant.
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NAKED (of a cap or stalk)
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devoid of any type of covering;glabrous.
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NARROW (of gills)
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a relative term, the opposite of broad, indicating the depth of gills.
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NON-AMYLOID
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not amyloid,i.e.,not becoming bluish to violet in iodine.
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OBTUSE
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blunt,not pointed.
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OPERCULATE (of an ascus)
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having the opening or mouth covered by a lid. ORNAMENTATION (of spores)
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PALLID (a color)
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very pale; when used alone it means an off-white.
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PARASITIC
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the condition of one organism (the parasite) living on and get ting nourishment from another (the host) to the detriment of the host.
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PARTIAL VEIL
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the inner veil which extends from the margin of the cap and at first covers the gills or pores. Contrasted to the universalveil.
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PEDICEL
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a narrow base or stalk.
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PELLICLE
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a thin gelatinous skin over the cap of some mushrooms. PENDANT
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PERIDIOLE (in bird's nest fungi)
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the small pill-like structures in the "nest" consisting of a group·of spores with a wall around them.
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PERIDIUM (of puffballs)
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the wall,often layered,of the spore sack.
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PERITHECIA (sing. perithecium)
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in Ascomycetes, the flask-shaped struc tures,opening by a pore at the apex of a neck,in which ascidevelop.The spores from the asci are ultimately forced through the neck and out through the pore.
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PILEUS
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the technical term for the cap of a mushroom. PITTED
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PLIANT
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flexible.
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PLICATE
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folded, pleated like a fan.
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PORES
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the minute to distinct holes in the layer of tissue on the underside of the cap, lined with hymenium. They contrast with gills and spines.
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POROID
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having pores.
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POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
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see KOH.
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PRUINOSE
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appearing as if frosted lightly by minute particles.
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PSEUDORHIZA
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a rootlike process which often extends deep into the ground (in actuality it grows up to the surface; the fruiting body then forms on top of it).
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RAPHANOID (of taste)
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radishlike.
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RHIZOMORPH
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a stringlike or thin ropelike aggregation of hyphae; part of the spawn of the mushroom plant.
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RING
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same as an annulus.
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RIVULOSE
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having fine wavy grooves or cracks.
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RUGOSE
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wrinkled.
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SAPROPHYTIC
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the condition of an organism living on and being nourished by dead organic matter. Contrast with parasitic.
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SCALES (of cap or stalk)
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torn portions of cuticle or veil.
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SCATTERED (of habit)
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fruiting bodies growing scattered over a relatively wide area, not grouped together.
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SCROBICULATE
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having large, shiny, depressed spots or areas, as on the stalk of some species of Lactarius.
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SECOTIOID
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a fruiting body resembling an unexpanded agaric or bolete fruit ing body but not forcibly discharging its spores; resembling the fruiting body of a species of Secotium .
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SESSILE
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lacking a stalk.
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SERRATE
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notched or toothed on the edge.
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SHEATH
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boot, usually referring to veil remnants on the lower part of the stalk. When such a covering is present, the stalk is said to be peronate.
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SHELVING (of fruiting bodies)
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arranged in an overlapping fashion like shelves. SIMPLE (of fruiting bodies)
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SMOOTH (of a surface)
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even, lacking wrinkles or projections.
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SORDID
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dirty or dingy in appearance.
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SPAWN
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same as mycelium.
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SPECIES
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populations of individual organisms representing a single kind; that is, having certain characters in common which distinguish those popu lations from all other organisms.
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SPINES
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pointed conelike teeth.
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SPONGY (offlesh)
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soft and tending to be water-soaked.
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SPORE DEPOSIT
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a mass of spores deposited naturally (or from a mush room so set up that it will shed spores), which is visible to the naked eye.
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SPORES
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the reproductive bodies of fungi and other lower plants. They per form the same reproductive function as seeds but are completely different structurally.
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SQUAMULES
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small scales.
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STALK
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the stemlike portion of a mushroom; if a stalk is present, it supports the cap. The technical term is stipe.
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STERIGMATA (sing. sterigma)
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the prongs of the basidium on the apex of which the spores are formed.
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STERILE BASE
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the basal region of somepuffballs which does not produce spores; it is often chambered.
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STIPE
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technical term for stalk.
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STIPITATE
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having a stipe or stalk.
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STRIAE
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radiating lines or furrows on a mushroom cap, or the longitudinal lines on a stalk.
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STRIATE
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having striae.
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STRIGOSE
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having long,coarse hairs.
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STUFFED (of a stalk)
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having the center filled with a distinct pith which may break down leaving a hollow.
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SUB-
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a prefix meaning almost, somewhat,or under.
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SULCATE
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rather deeply grooved but not plicate.
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SUPERFICIAL
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merely resting on the surface, not attached.
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SUPERIOR (ring or annulus)
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attached above the middle of the stalk.
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TAWNY (a color)
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about the color of a lion.
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TERRESTRIAL
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growing on the ground, contrasts with lignicolous.
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TOADSTOOL
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a name commonly applied to mushrooms;toadstools may be either edible or poisonous according to American usage.
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TOMENTUM
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a covering of soft hair.
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TRAMA
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internaltissues, as of the cap, stalk,or hymenophore;the technical term used for such regions when discussing the anatomy of a fruiting body.
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TUBE MOUTH
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the tissue around the opening of a tube on the underside of the cap of pore fungi.
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TUBERCLE
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a wartlike or knoblike outgrowth.
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UMBER (a color)
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tobacco brown or darker.
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UMBO (of a cap)
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a raised conic or convex area at the center of the cap.
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UMBONATE
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furnished with an umbo.
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UNEQUAL (of gills)
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of different lengths-some reach the stalk, others do not.
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UNIVERSAL VEIL
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the veil which envelops the young fruiting body in some mushrooms; it is an outer layer of tissue which is distinct from the cap and stalk.
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VARIANT
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an unofficial designation for a collection differing slightly from the type but for which the user of the term does not want to use a formaldesig nation. One may speak of variants of a species or of a variety.
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VEIL
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a layer of tissue-see partialveil and universalveil.
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VENTRICOSE
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swollen at the middle.
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VERRUCOSE
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warty.
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VINACEOUS (a color)
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the color of a red wine or a paler red.
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VIRGATE
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streaked.
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VISCID
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sticky to the touch.
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VOLVA
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the remains of the universal veil left around the base of the mush room after the veil has broken.
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WARTS (on a cap or stipe)
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small squatty or pyramidal chunks of the u.ni versal veil tissue.
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ZONATE
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marked with concentric bands (zones) of a different appearance from the remainder of the surface.
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