Musculoskeletal System Ch. 22

Front 1

What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

Back 1

Bones, joints and muscles.

Front 2

Musculoskeletal system is needed for

Back 2

support, movement, protect inner vital organs, produce red blood cells in the bone marrow (hematopoiesis), storage (calcium and phosphorus).

Front 3

Joint

Back 3

Place of union of 2 or more bones.

Front 4

What is the functional unit of the musculoskeletal system?

Back 4

Joints

Front 5

Nonsynovial joints

Back 5

bones are immovable (eg. sutures in the skull).

Front 6

Synovial

Back 6

Joints are freely movable by bones that are seperated from each other by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Front 7

Cartilage

Back 7

Avascular, receives nourishment from synovial fluid.

Front 8

Ligaments

Back 8

Fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another. Helps prevent movement in undesirable direction.

Front 9

Bursa

Back 9

Enclosed sac filled w/ visous synovial fluid. Located in areas of potential friction to help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone.

Front 10

3 types of muscles

Back 10

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Front 11

Skeletal muscles

Back 11

Voluntary, under conscious control.

Front 12

Fasciculi

Back 12

Bundles that compose the skeletal muscle.

Front 13

Tendon

Back 13

A strong fibrous cord that attaches the skeletal muscle to the bone.

Front 14

Flexion

Back 14

Bending a limb of joint

Front 15

Extension

Back 15

Straightening a limb at a joint.

Front 16

Abduction

Back 16

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body

Front 17

Adduction

Back 17

Moving a limb toward the midline of the body

Front 18

Pronation

Back 18

Palm down

Front 19

Supination

Back 19

Palm up

Front 20

Circumduction

Back 20

Moving arm in circles around the shoulder.

Front 21

Inversion

Back 21

Moving sole of foot inward at the ankle

Front 22

Eversion

Back 22

Moving sole of foot outard at the ankle

Front 23

Rotation

Back 23

Moving the head around a central axis

Front 24

Protraction

Back 24

Moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground.

Front 25

Retraction

Back 25

Moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

Front 26

Elevation

Back 26

Raising body part

Front 27

Depression

Back 27

Lowering body part

Front 28

Vertebrae

Back 28

33 connecting bones
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3-4 coccygeal

Front 29

What curves does the vertebral column have?

Back 29

Cervical and Lumbar are concave. Thoracic and sacrococcygeal are convex.

Front 30

Interertabral disks

Back 30

Elastic fibrocartilaginous plates. Act like a shock absorber of the spine and helps it move.

Front 31

Nucleus pulposus

Back 31

Soft, semifluid, mucoid material in the center of an intervertebral disk.

Front 32

Shoulder Joint

Back 32

Glenohumeral Joint

Front 33

Where are half of the body's bones located?

Back 33

Hands and feet

Front 34

When do boys and girls undergo a rapid growth spurt

Back 34

Adolescence

Front 35

Epiphyses

Back 35

Where lengthening of bones occurs, during growth.

Front 36

Osteoporosis

Back 36

Loss of bone density. Resorption occurs faster with age than new bone growth (deposition).

Front 37

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Back 37

Symmetric joints.
Pain worse in AM when arising
Movement decreases pain
Stiffness occurs in AM & after rest periods.

Front 38

Rheumatic fever

Back 38

Suggested by joint pain that lasts 10 to 14 days after an untreated strep throat.

Front 39

Joint Injury

Back 39

From trauma or repetitive motion.

Front 40

Osteoarthritis

Back 40

Heberden's & Bouchard's nodules, Irregular bony margins. Worse later in the day

Front 41

Tendinitis

Back 41

Worse in the morning, improves during the day.

Front 42

Decreased ROM

Back 42

Joint injury to cartilage or capsule or to muscle contracture

Front 43

Myalgia

Back 43

Cramping and aching
Viral illness

Front 44

Fracture

Back 44

Causes sharp pain that increases w/ movement. Other bone pain usually feels dull and deep and in unrelated to movement

Front 45

Functional Assesment

Back 45

Screens the safety of independent living, the need for home health services & quality of life.

Front 46

ADL's

Back 46

Bathing, Toileting, Dressing, Grooming, Eating, Mobility, Communicating

Front 47

Musculoskeletal Assesment
Equipment

Back 47

Tape measure
Goniometer, to measure joint angles.
Skin marking pen

Front 48

Assesment

Inspection

Back 48

Size & countour of joint. Inspect the skin & tissues over the joints for color, swelling, masses or deformity.

Front 49

Effusion

Back 49

Excess joint fluid, swelling. Thickening of the synovial lining.

Front 50

Deformities

Back 50

Dislocation (1 or more bones in a joint being out of position).

Front 51

Subluxation

Back 51

Partial dislocation of a joint

Front 52

Contracture

Back 52

Shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM.

Front 53

Ankylosis

Back 53

Stiffness or fixation of a joint

Front 54

Assesment

Palpation

Back 54

Palpate each joint. Notice heat, tenderness, swelling or masses. Joints normally not tender while palpating. Palpable fluid not normal.

Front 55

Visible Bulging

Back 55

When you push down on the enclosed sac with fluid on one side, you will notice bulging on the other side. Not a normal finding.

Front 56

Active ROM

Back 56

Stabilizing body area proximal to that being moved.

Front 57

Passive Motion

Back 57

Anchor joint w/ one hand while other hand slowly moves it to it's limits.

Front 58

Goniometer

Back 58

Tool used to measure the precise angle of ROM if limitation or increase in ROM occurs.

Front 59

Crepitation

Back 59

Audible and palpable crunching or grating while moving. Occurs when articular surfaces in the joints are roughened as in rheumatoid arthritis

Front 60

Muscle Testing

Back 60

Person flexes and holds to opposing force.

Front 61

Muscle Testing Grading Scale

Back 61

5 Full ROM & resistance 100%, NORMAL
4 Full ROM & some resistance 75%, GOOD
3 Full ROM, 50%, FAIR
2 Full ROM (passive motion), 25%, POOR
1 Slight contraction, 10%, TRACE
0 No contraction, 0%, ZERO

Front 62

Assesment

Cervical spine

Back 62

Inspect alignment of head and neck. Palpate spinous processes, sternomastoid, trapezious and paravertebral muscles. (Should feel firm, w/out muscle spasms or tenderness.

Front 63

Referred shoulder pain

Back 63

Hiatal hernia, cardiac or pleural condition.

Front 64

Rotator cuff lesions

Back 64

Can cause limited ROM, pain, & muscle spasms during abduction, forward flexion stays fairly normal.

Front 65

Tennis Elbow

Back 65

Inflammation of the epicondyles, head of radius and tendons. Local tenderness is also present.

Front 66

Subcutaneous Nodules

Back 66

Raised firm, nontender & overlying skin moves freely. Commonly found in olecranon bursa (elbow) & along extensor surface of ulna. These are found in RA.

Front 67

Ankylosis

Back 67

Wrist in extreme flexion

Front 68

Dupuytren's contracture

Back 68

Flexion contracture of finger(s).

Front 69

Heberden's & Bouchard

Back 69

Nodules that are hard & nontender. Osteoarthritis

Front 70

Phalen's test

Back 70

Reproduces numbness and burning in person with carpal tunnel syndrome. (After 60 sec of flexion will produce no symptoms in a normal hand)

Front 71

Tinel's Sign

Back 71

Percussion of median nerve produces burning and tingling. Positive tinel's sign indicating carpal tunnel syndrome.

Front 72

Genu Varum

Back 72

Bowlegs (also occurs with rickets).

Front 73

Genu Valgum

Back 73

Knock knees (also occurs w/ rickets, poliomyelitis and syphilis).

Front 74

Mc Murray's Test

Back 74

For Meniscla tears. Done with history of trauma followed by locking, giving way or local pain in the knee. If you hear or feel a click= positive for a torn meniscus.

Front 75

Assesment

Spine Inspection

Back 75

Standing (w/ gown opened in back).
Inspect: Straightness, symmetry, side angle shows curves convex and concave. Enhanced thoracic curve or kyphosis common in older people. Pronounced lumbar curve (lordosis) common in obese people.

Front 76

Lateral Bending & forward bending

Back 76

Herniated nucleus pulposus.

Front 77

Assesment

Spine Palpation

Back 77

Spinous processes (should be straight and non tender). Palpate parabertebral muscles (should feel firm, no tenderness or spasms.)

Front 78

Assesment

Spine ROM

Back 78

Bend forward touch toes (look for smoothness and symmetry of movement. Concave lumbar curve disappears).
Bend sideways
Bend backward
Twist shoulders to one side and then the other.
(Movement is still allowed even if spinal fusion has occurred.
Walk on tip toes and heels.

Front 79

Straight leg Raising

LaSegue's Test

Back 79

Reproduce back pain if herniated bucleus pulposus is present. Straight leg raising while keeping the knee extended normally. If sciatic pain is present positive test.

Front 80

Ortolani's maneuver and Allis test

Back 80

Test for hip dysplasia in an infant

Front 81

Scoliosis

Back 81

Most apparent during the preadolescent growth spurt.

Front 82

Functional Scoliosis

Back 82

Flixibe, it is apparent w/ standing and disappears with forward bending. It may be compensatroy for other abnormalities such a sleg length discrepancy.

Front 83

Structural Scoliosis

Back 83

Fixed: Curvature shows both in standing and bending forward. Rib hump and forward flexion. Standing, unequal shoulder elevation, unequal scapulae, obvious curvature and unequal hip level. Females 10yrs through adolescence at greatest risk.

Front 84

Syndactyly

Back 84

Webbed fingers

Front 85

Polydactyly

Back 85

Extra digits

Front 86

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Back 86

Painful swelling just below the knee (tibial tubercle). Occurs most in puberty during rapid growth mostly in males. Pain increases with kicking, running, bike ridding, stair climbing and kneeling. Self limited, symptoms resolve with rest.