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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1) Fracture (Fx)
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o Complete fx’s (though the bone): transverse (right angel to bones long axis), spiral (bone has been twisted), comminuted (broken in several pieces),
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o Incomplete fx
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Incompletefx (doesn’t go through skin
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greenstick
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greenstick (bone fragments still partially joined)
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o Named fx: collie’s,Potts, Boxer’s
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potts fracture- ankle fractures collies fracture- lower end of the radius in the wrist boxer- fracture in the hand |
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• Vessel/nerve damage leading to ischemia
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secondary to trauma or casting (aggressive or early casting) Always do neurovascular assessment Can be severe
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• Infection of bone
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- especially with open fractures = osteomyelitis; can occur secondary to trauma or form soft tissue spread Ulcers/bed sores can cause bone infection
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• Compartment syndrome
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increase inflammation/pain, ischemia which leads to necrosis Each bone has compartments
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• Fat emboli
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secondary to escaping marrow going to veins then lungs Yellow marrow or fat tissu
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• Non-union
diagnosis, treatment |
Bones are no knitting or stabilized – bones have movement at site
o Diagnosis- x-ray, MRI, CTo Treatment- immobilization 6-8 weeks |
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• Subluxation
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- is an incomplete or partial dislocation of joint or organ• Treatment- reduction
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Sprain vs. Strains
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tendon and ligament slowly heals – muscle heals very well because its vascular• Sprain- torn ligament or other soft tissue• Strains- overuse/stretching of soft tissue (muscle, tendon, ligament)• Treatment- symptoms, immobilize (to prevent pain), surgery
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• Osteoporosis
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- decrease bone mass/density, decrease matrix/mineralization (calcium)
- o Bone reabsorption (osteoclast) are greater than bone formation (osteoblast) - |
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factors and treatment of osteoporosis |
o Factors Age (after menopause): much more common in females than males due to decreased estrogen – produced by follicular cells – can take hormone replacement treatment (HPT) to reduce osteoporosis – happens in men but in less effect/degree• Ovarian cycle – changes occur in ovary within 28 day period Decrease mobility: happen when get older or paralyzed Hormonal- decrease estrogen, increase PTH and glucocort• Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts due to hyperparathyroidism Dietary- decrease Calcium, Vitamin D, and protein Smokingo Treatment- diet, hormones, fluoride, and exercise
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• Rickets/osteomalacia
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secondary to decrease Vit D/PO42o Body cannot absorb calcium or vitamin Do Rickets = child; osteomalacia = adulto Secondary to diet, malabsorption, decrease sun exposureo Signs- decrease calcification leading to weak/soft bones causing bow legs, and decrease height – sometimes facial deformityo Treatment- diet
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• Paget’s Disease- osteitis deformans
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o Excessive bone destruction, replacement w abnormal bone/fibrous tissue, increase thickening of long bones (vertebrae, pelvis, skull)
- o Pathological fractures (occurs when a bone breaks in an area that is weakened by another disease process eg infection, tumors etc.), kyphosis (abnormal rearward curvature of spin; “hunchback”), head ach, cardio vascular diseaseo Progressive; > 40yrs; genetic/viral? |
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• Bone tumors
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- most malignant; primary, or secondary from breast/prostate
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o Primary tumor
- secondary |
o Primary tumor – originates in bone
- secondary – originates somewhere else |
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o Osteosarcoma
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in metaphysis of femur, tibia, fibula – generally involves long bones
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o Ewing’s sarcoma
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in diaphysis (main or midsection shaft of long bone) (teens); with bone mets leads to lungs, bone pain (higher at night), pathological fractures
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• Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
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- several types, inherited, progressive; Duchenne’s/most common
- o Duchenne’s = x-linked recessive – heterozygous males mainly – homozygous females are fairly uncommono Signs- skeletal muscle degeneration, secondary to decrease dystrophin = (large structural protein found in small amounts in plasma membranes of muscle fiber) leading to weakness and eventually respiratory failure.o Skeletal muscle replaced w/ fat, D.F.C.T. (scar tissue) which leads to pseudohypertrophy (excessive growth; abnormal enlargement due to increase in the size of the cells – area where muscle is attacked most) |
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• Fibromyalgia
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- painstiffness of muscle/tendon ligament
- o No inflammation, no degeneration, no physical evidence/changeso Signs – fatigue, depression, patient may have history of trauma, stress Treatment – heat, NSAID’s, SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), physical therapy modalities SED rate – non-inflammatory blood test |
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• Osteoarthritis (OA
and S&S |
- aka Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
- o Secondary to erosions of articular (hyaline) cartilage from wear and tear (age), or injury; non-inflammatory, - o Signs – pain with use or in a.m., decrease ROM (range of motion), crepitus (crackling or popping sound – can also feel ), osteophytes (small, abnormal bone growth), narrowing of joint space (one of the hallmark signs) |
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• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
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- autoimmune which leads to synovitis (antibodies vs synovial)
- ncrease inflammatory with pain and joint destruction which leads to ankylosis (bones forming single unit/stiffening and immobility of joint; 2 bones fusing together) - Still’s disease – juvenile R.A., increase systemic effects |
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• Gouty arthritis
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- secondary to hyperurcemia (high concentration of uric acid in the blood) which leads to uric acid crystals (like needles) deposit in joints leading to increase pain/inflammation
- o Single join involvement |
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• Ankylosing spondylitis
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= chronic progressive inflammatory condition of (attacks/involves): sacroiliac, intervertebral, costoverterbal joints leading to fibrosis then calcification (fusion) of joints
- igns- rigidity/kyphosis of spine, decease lung expansion |
