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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major (and rather opposing) functions of the spine?
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strength coupled with flexibility
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Which spinal segments have a natural lordosis? Which a kyphosis?
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Lordosis: cervical and lumbar
Kyphosis: thoracic and sacral |
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What is the anterior column of the spine?
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From anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) through ventral 1/2 vertebral body
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What is the middle column of the spine?
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Dorsal 1/2 of the vertebral body to the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
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What is the posterior column of the spine?
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Everything dorsal to the posterior longitudinal ligament (neural arch, facets, spinal canal, etc).
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Anatomically define the pars interarticularis
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Part of neural arch which lies between the superior and inferior articular processes
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Define spondylosis
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Degenerative changes of the spine
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Define spondylolysis
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Break of the pars interarticularis
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Define spondylolisthesis
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Anterior slippage of one vertebral segment on another
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The "true" name of facet joints
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Zygapophyseal joints
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Are facet joints synovial?
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Yes
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Direction of movement of the vertebrae is determined by
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the alignment/direction of the facet joint articulation
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General orientation of the facet joints in the cervical spine
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coronal plane
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The orientation of the facet joints in the cervical spine causes it to resist what movements?
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flexion (coronal orientation)
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General orientation of the facet joints in the thoracic spine
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between coronal and sagital planes
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Orientation of facet joints in the lumbar spine
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sagital plane
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Orientation of the facet joints in the lumbar spine causes it to resist what movement?
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Rotation (sagital); exception at L5-21
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The facet joint orientation at L5-S1 is
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nearly coronal
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The main movements in the lumbar spine are
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Flexion and extension
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Flexion and extension in the lumbar spine is greatest at what segment
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L4-5
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What kind of joint is the intervetebral disc?
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secondary cartilaginous joint
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The endplates of the intervetebral disc are made of
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cartilage
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What part of the intervetebral disc truly acts as the shock absorber?
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the annulus
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The nucleus propolsus is primarily
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water
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The anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) acts to resist
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- extension
- translation - rotation |
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The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) acts to resist
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flexion
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The ligamentum flavum acts to resist
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flexion
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The supraspinous ligaments act to resist
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flexion
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The interspinous ligaments act to resist
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- separation of the spinous processes
- flexion |
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Function of the intertransverese ligaments?
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? unclear, they are very weak
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Origin of the latissimus dorsi
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BROAD
- caudal 6-7 thoracic vertebral spinouse processes and thoracolumbar fascia |
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Insertion of the latissimus dorsi
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floor of the bicipital groove of the humerus
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In the lumbar region the thoracolumbar fascia encloses the
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quadratus lumborum
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Attachments of the thoracolumbar fascia
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- from C7-sacrum
- laterally to posterior angle of the ribs - medially to tip of spinous processes |
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What are the 3 general layers of the paraspinals?
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superficial, intermediate, deep
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What makes up the superficial layer of the paraspinals?
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- splenius muscles (only in cervical region)
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What makes up the intermediate layer of the paraspinals?
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Erector spinae:
- Iliocostalis - Longissimus - Spinalis |
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What makes up the deep layer of the paraspinals?
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- Semispinalis
- Rotators - Multifidus |
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What is the only back muscle with truly segmental innervation?
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Multifidus
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