Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 5 diseases of joints in small animals?
|
1) Hip dysplasia
2) Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head 3) Patellar luxation 4) Osteochondrosis/ osteochondritis dessicans 5) Elbow dysplasia |
|
|
**What are the 3 different underlying causes of elbow dysplasia?
|
1) Ununited anconeal process
-ulna 2) Medial coronoid disease (Fragmented coronoid process of ulna) 3) Subchondral cyst/ OCD Medial aspect of the humeral condyle |
|
|
What are the 6 diseases of bones in small animals?
|
1) Panosteitis
2) Hypertrophic osteodystrophy 3) Angular limb deformity -Physeal trauma -Retained cartilaginous core 4) Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle 5) Slipped capital physis 6) Metabolic/nutritional |
|
|
Does hypertrophic osteodystrophy affect old or young small animals?
|
HOD=young dog, developmental
hypertrophic osteopathy= old dog |
|
|
What animals usually get incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
|
Spaniels and pot belly pigs
|
|
|
What animals usually get incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
|
Spaniels and pot belly pigs
|
|
|
What does OFA certification evaluate? Is submission required? How is it rated?
|
Laxity and osteoarthrosis
-Submission is voluntary Grading scale |
|
|
At what age do you perform OFA certification?
|
24 months
|
|
|
What does a PENNHIP evaluate?
|
Laxity
|
|
|
Do PENNHIPs have to be submitted? How are they rated? When are they taken?
|
All are submitted
Rated by percentile of the breed Take at 6 months |
|
|
What is the #1 predisposing factor to osteoarthritis?
|
Laxity
|
|
|
How does hip dysplasia begin?
|
Starts as laxity
|
|
|
When is are hips considered decreased coverage?
|
<50% coverage of femoral head by acetabulum
|
|
|
What are the 2 radiographic signs of hip dysplasia?
|
1) Decreased coverage
2) Osteoarthritis |
|
|
What is the first radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in an animal with hip dysplasia?
|
Enthesophyte at attachment of the joint capsule to the femoral neck
|
|
|
What are the signs of osteoarthritis progression in an animal with hip dysplasia?
|
1) Thickened femoral neck
2) Flattening of the femoral head 3) Bony proliferation on acetabular rim 4) Sclerosis of acetabular rim |
|
|
True or false. Cats can get hip dysplasia.
|
False, but can get osteoarthritis
|
|
|
What is laxity?
|
Incongruence b/w the acetabulum and femoral head
|
|
|
What are the 4 features of accurate positioning for an OFA?
|
1) Pelvis level (ilia & pubis appear symmetric)
2) Patellae centered over femoral condyles 3) Femurs parallel to each other 4) Femurs parallel to pelvis |
|
|
What is meant by the saying "bigger is better" pertaining to OFA radiographs?
|
If one of the obturator foramens is bigger then can make the overlap of the femoral head and acetabulum look better=falsely improved, take another radiograph
|
|
|
What should you do if you find elbow dysplasia in the forelimb?
|
Radiograph the other leg-often bilateral
|
|
|
True or false. OFA's assesses all three underlying causes of elbow dysplasia.
|
True-also assess for osteoarthritis
|
|
|
What view is used for OFAs of the elbow?
|
Flexed lateral radiograph of the elbow
|
|
|
**Where is the first site of osteoarthritis with elbow dysplasia?
|
Anconeal process
*Regardless of the underlying cause |
|
|
How many humeral condyles is there? Femoral condyles?
|
1 Humeral condyle
2 Femoral condyles |
|
|
What is the most common cause of elbow dysplasia?
|
Fragment coronoid process
|
|
|
Where is the ulna located at the elbow? Carpus?
|
Ulna is medial at the elbow, lateral at the carpus
|
|
|
What are the 3 spectrums of changes associated with medial coronoid disease?
|
1) Fragmented
2) Fissures 3) Malacic |
|
|
What dogs most commonly get elbow dysplasia? Hip dysplasia?
|
Large breed dogs
|
|
|
Are medial coronoid disease and fragmented medial coronoid process the same thing?
|
Medial coronoid disease was classically called thought to just be a fragmented medial coronoid process but found that it's more complicated and includes other changes (fragmented, fissures, malacic)
|
|
|
What are the radiographic findings of medial coronoid disease (FCP)?
|
-Blunted medial coronoid process on lateral
-Rounded or irregular shape of medial coronoid process on craniocaudal view |
|
|
What is different about the anconeal process in large dogs?
|
Separate center of ossification at anconeal process in large breed dogs
|
|
|
**What are the radiographic findings of a dog with an ununited anconeal process in a dog over 150 days of age?
|
Lucent line separating anconeal process and olecranon of ulna
|
|
|
How can you tell if a dog is >150 days old?
|
There will be a lucent line separating the anconeal process and olecranon of the ulna
|
|
|
What do you call the the medial aspect of the humeral condyle? Lateral aspect?
|
Medial=trochlea
Lateral=capitulum |
|
|
**What does it mean if there's a subchondral cyst of the humeral trochlea?
|
Humeral osteochondrosis
|
|
|
What does a subchondral cyst of the trochlea look like radiographically?
|
-Lucency
-Surrounding rim of sclerosis -Mineralized flap is possible |
|
|
What dogs are affected by aseptic necrosis of the femoral head?
|
Small breed dogs
|
|
|
*What causes aseptic necrosis of the femoral head?
|
Compromised blood supply
-Vascular supply transverses the femoral neck -Fluid in femoral head can decrease flow through vessels and head is uniquely susceptible to loss of blood flow bc of vessel arrangement |
|
|
*What causes aseptic necrosis of the femoral head?
|
Compromised blood supply
-Vascular supply transverses the femoral neck -Fluid in femoral head can decrease flow through vessels and head is uniquely susceptible to loss of blood flow bc of vessel arrangement |
|
|
What are some radiographic findings of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head?
|
1) Flattened irregular femoral head
2) Thinned irregular femoral neck |
|
|
If a young toy cup poodle comes in and is lame what is the diagnosis until proven otherwise?
|
Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head
|
|
|
Is lateral or medial patellar luxation more common in dogs?
|
medial luxation
|
|
|
What causes OCD?
|
Failure of endochondral ossification
|
|
|
What separates OCD from osteochondrosis?
|
Osteochondritis dissecans has a fragment separate from subchondral bone
|
|
|
What separates OCD from osteochondrosis?
|
Osteochondritis dissecans has a fragment separate from subchondral bone
-Definition is controversial |
|
|
What should you do when you see osteochondritis dissecans in the limb?
|
Shoot the other limb-often bilateral
-Clinical signs often unilateral |
|
|
**What are the 5 most common OCD locations?
|
1) Caudal aspect of humeral head
-Most common 2) Distomedial humeral trochlea 3) Medial & lateral femoral condyles 4) Femoral trochlea 5) Medial trochlear ridge of talus |
|
|
Where is OCD most common in the shoulder? Signs?
|
Caudal aspect of humeral head
-Flattening of subchondral bone -Surrounding sclerosis -Widening of joint space -May see a mineralized flap -Corresponding lesion on glenoid of scapula (kissing lesion) -OA will develop |
|
|
What animals get OCD in the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus more commonly than the medial trochlear ridge?
|
Rottweiler
|
|
|
What are 2 signs of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyle?
|
Flattening of medial condyle
Sclerotic rim |
|
|
What animals are typically affected by panosteitis?
|
Typically adolescent dogs
|
|
|
**What are the clinical signs of a dog with panosteitis?
|
Shifting leg lameness
|
|
|
*What do you see on the radiographs of a dog with panosteitis?
|
1) Patchy opacity in medullary cavity
2) Centered at nutrient foramen 3) Endosteal blurring |
|
|
*What age of animals are affected by hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
|
Dystrophy=abnormal development=young dogs
|
|
|
Where will you see lesions from hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
|
Bilaterally symmetric lesions of metaphysis
-Can damage physis--> secondary angular limb deformity possible |
|
|
**What do you see on a radiograph of an animal with hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
|
1) Double physis line
2) Necrosis and collapse of metaphyseal bone 3) Irregular periosteal proliferation around metaphysis -May extend to diaphysis -Periosteal proliferation may not resolve |
|
|
What bones are most commonly affected by hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
|
Can be any bone, but most commonly ulna/radius & tibia/fibula
|
|
|
What is the treatment for hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
|
Nothing, if not eating and drinking can give fluids & pain control
|
|
|
*What causes an angular limb deformity?
|
Unsynchronized rate of growth in 2 bone systems
-Radius/ulna most common -Results in joint incongruity |
|
|
**What are the causes of angular limb deformity?
|
1) Trauma to physis
2) Abnormal physeal development -*Retained cartilaginous core in ulna |
|
|
What is a retained cartilaginous core?
|
Abnormal cartilage development of distal ulnar physis, shortened ulna--> radius curvus
|
|
|
What do you see on a radiograph of an animal with a retained cartilaginous core?
|
Conical lucency in distal ulna
-Flame lesion -Upside-down ice cream cone |
|
|
**When does the humeral condyle fuse?
|
84 days
|
|
|
**What is incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle? Is it bilateral or unilateral?
|
Failure to fuse
-Bilateral |
|
|
**What will be the history of an animal with incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
|
Will get a fracture of the humeral condyle during normal activity
|
|
|
**What should you do if you find incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
|
Radiograph the other limb!
|
|
|
**What animals are predisposed to incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
|
Spaniels
-Also Vietnamese pot bellied pigs |
|
|
What will you see on a radiograph of an animal with incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle?
|
Lucent line between trochlea and capitulum
|
|
|
What cats most commonly get a slipped capital physis?
|
2 year old male neutered obese cats
-May be associated w/ early neutering |
|
|
What causes a slipped capital physis in a cat?
|
Delayed physeal closure so fat cat can't be supported by open physis and get a fracture of the proximal femoral physis
-Will fracture during normal activity |
|
|
*What view is best to diagnose a slipped capital physis?
|
Frog-leg VD is best
-Extended VD can reduce the fracture* |
|
|
What is a radiographic sign of a developmental problem in bones?
|
Bones appear too immature for the age of the patient
|
|
|
Unilateral or bilateral?
Hip dysplasia Elbow dysplasia OCD Patellar luxation IOHC Slipped capital physis Aseptic necrosis of femoral head |
All bilateral but slipped capital physis could be unilateral or bilateral
Aseptic necrosis of femoral head=unilateral!!! |
|
|
What are 2 conditions of small animals that are polyosteotic? What region of bones are affected in each case?
|
Panosteitis-diaphysis
HOD-metaphysis |
