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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Stratum lucidum is found only in...
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palmar and plantar skin
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Malpighian layer
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basalis + spinosum
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Zona occludens (tight junction) compsed of...
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claudins and occludins
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Zona adherens (intermediate junction) composed of...
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actin and cadherins
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Macula adherens (desmosomes) composed of...
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intermediate filaments and cadherins
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Lumbar puncture at the level of...
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iliac crest
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What accounts for the difference in skin color between races
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melanosome size and melanin production, NOT # of melanosomes
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What nerve is damaged when you have anterior dislocation of the shoulder?
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axillary nerve
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Damage to lunate bone can damage what nerve?
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median nerve
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Inability to pronate arm due to lesion of what nerve?
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median nerve
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What nerve innervates the adductor policis
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deep ulnar nerve
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Inability to supinate arm due to lesion of what nerve?
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radial nerve
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What nerve innervates the lumbricals?
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Median (2nd and 3rd digits), Ulnar (4th and 5th digits)
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Erb-duchenne (waiter's tip) palsy etiology and signs
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Due to damage to upper trunk from blow to shoulder or birth
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Sx: arm at side (paralysis of axillary), medially rotated (paralysis of lateral rotators), forearm is pronated (loss of biceps)
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Thoracic outlet syndrome
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when cervical rib compresses subclavian artery and the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus
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atrophy of the thenar/hypothenar eminences, atrophy of interossei, sensory deficits on medial forearm and hand, disappearance of the radial pulse when moving head to contralateral side
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Damage to inferior trunk etiology
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childbirth, reaching out and holding onto something, cervical limb compression
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Total claw hand
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due to damage to inferior trunk, which leads to a dysfunctional medial and ulnar nerve, which means that all of the lumbricals are dysfunctional, which leads to a complete claw hand
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Muscles innervated by radial nerve
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Brachioradialis, extensor, supinator, triceps
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Damage to femoral nerve
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Motor: thigh flexion and leg extension
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Sensory: anterior thigh and medial leg
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Common peroneal nerve
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Motor: foot eversion, dorsiflexion, and toe extension
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Sensory: anterolateral leg and dorsal aspect of foot
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Tibial nerve is damaged from...
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knee trauma
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TIbial nerve
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Motor: plantar flexion of foot, inversion of foot, flexion of toes
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Sensory: sole of foot
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H-zone
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includes M-line and myosin and NO actin
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I-band
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Includes Z-line and actin and NO myosin
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A-band
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Include all of the myosin, so it doesn't contract when the sarcomere contracts
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Type 1 muscle
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slow-twitch fibers w/ mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation
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Type 2 muscle
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fast-twitch fibers w/o mitochondria and glycolysis only
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Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
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Action potential opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels, leading to Ca2+ binding to calmodulin, which activates myosin light-chain kinase
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What is the source of osteoblasts?
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mesenchymal stem cells in the periosteum
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Trabecular (cancellous) bone
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Found within bones, usually towards the end of long bones
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Cortical bone
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Surrounds trabecular bone, harder and more sturdy
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Senile (type II) osteoporosis cause and what type of bone does it affect
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affects men and women older than 70 and is due to poor calcium absorption
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affects cancellous and cortical bone
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Osteopetrosis cause and sx
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abnormal function of osteoclasts leads to failure of normal bone resorption and spongiosa filling the medullary canal w/ no mature trabeculae
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Sx: decreased marrow space leads to anemia, thrombocytopenia, infection, cranial nerve impingement
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Osteopetrosis genetic association and labs
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Genetics: carbonic anhydrase III
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Labs: normal everything
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Phenytoin effect on vitamin D
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Phenytoin induces P450 and leads to the breakdown of vitamin D, leading to osteomalacia
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Labs in osteomalacia
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Increased PTH, decreased phosphate, decreased calcium
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IL-1
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aka osteoclast activating factor. Inhibited by estrogen and testosterone, which prevents osteoporosis
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Brown tumors
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found in osteitis fibrosa cystica (hyperparathyroidism) where there are cystic spaces lined w/ osteoclasts, and filled with fibrous stroma and blood
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Labs of osteitis fibrosa cystica
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high calcium, low phosphate, high PTH, high ALP
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Paget's disease etiology
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paramyxovirus!
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Pathological associations of Paget's disease
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high-output heart failure and osteogenic sarcoma
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McCune-Albright etiology and Sx
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activating mutation of GNAS, which leads to constitutive activity of Gs subunit
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Sx: precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
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Osteomas are associated w/ what syndrome
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Gardner's syndrome (FAP)
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Structure of osteoid osteoma
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interlacing trabeculae of woven bone surrounded by osteoblasts
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Osteoblastoma
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similar to osteoid osteoma, but larger and in vertebral columns
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Giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma)
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spindle-shaped cells w/ multinucleated giant cells that shows bubble sign on x-ray
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more common in females
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Ewing's sarcoma characteristic appearance in bone
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Onion-skin
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Salt and pepper or popcorn pattern
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chondrosarcoma
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